Standard-taper glassware

Using standard taper jointware you can connect glassware without rubber stoppers, corks, or tubing. Pieces are joined by glass connections built into the apparatus (Fig. 17). They are manufactured in standard sizes, and you ll probably use T19/22. 

The submitters used a 500-ml. distilling flask with a 250-ml. distilling flask as receiver. The side arm of the distilling flask was extended, if necessary, by means of a Tygon joint into the bulb of the receiver. The receiver was cooled by a stream of cold water. The distillation was continued until about three-fourths of the material in the flask had distilled. The checkers used standard-taper glassware for the distillation they found it necessary to heat the distillation adapter with a microburner from time to time in order to prevent plugging by solidified product. They continued the distillation until no further solid product distilled. 

Fig. 1-1 Standard taper glassware for organic reactions (a) round-bottomed flask (b) pear-shaped flask (c) long-necked, round-bottomed flask (d) Erlenmeyer flask (e) two-necked, round-bottomed flask (f) three-necked, round-bottomed flask (g) radial three-necked, round-bottomed flask (h) two-necked, round-bottomed flask with thermometer well (i) Morton flask (j) resin flask (k) enlarging adapter tube (1) bushing-type adapter tube.

It is likely that the glassware in your organic kit has standard-taper ground-glass joints. For example, the air condenser in the figure consists of an inner (male) ground-glass joint at the bottom and an outer (female) joint at the top. Each end... 

Your laboratory kit contains standard-taper glassware with ground-glass joints. 

Before the advent of standard-taper glassware, we had to bore corks or rubber stoppers to fit each piece of equipment, and the glass apparatus was assembled by connecting the individual pieces of equipment with glass tubing. This was not only time-consuming, but many chemicals reacted with and/or were absorbed by the... 

As with miniscale procedures (Sec. 2.2), standard-taper glassware with ground-glass joints is commonly used for performing reactions at the microscale level. The apparatus is smaller, however, so the joints themselves are shorter, typically f 14/10 (Fig. 2.3a). 

Reactions heated in a microwave oven do not necessarily require special apparatus. For example, they can be conducted in vessels that range from simple laboratory glassware such as an Erlenmeyer flask covered with a watchglass to flasks of various shapes that are fitted with standard-taper glass joints (Fig. 2.32a). Specially designed pressure vessels can also be used. A number of tubes can also be mounted on a rotor so that multiple reactions can be conducted simultaneously (Fig. 2.32b). 

Reaction vessels (a) assorted shapes of standard-taper ground glassware and sealable glass tubes (courtesy CEM Corporation) (b) array of special reaction tubes for multiple, simultaneous reactions (courtesy of CEM Corporation). 

---