Giant concentration

If the concentration of junction points is high enough, even branches will contain branches. Eventually a point is reached at which the amount of branching is so extensive that the polymer molecule becomes a giant three-dimensional network. When this condition is achieved, the molecule is said to be cross-linked. In this case, an entire macroscopic object may be considered to consist of essentially one molecule. The forces which give cohesiveness to such a body are covalent bonds, not intermolecular forces. Accordingly, the mechanical behavior of cross-linked bodies is much different from those without cross-linking. 

Crosslinks were introduced in the polymers by adding molecules with more than two reactive groups to the mixture e.g. PGCBA. After the reaction, three or more chains are connected to those molecules. Therefore, the concentration of PGCBA molecules in the resin mixture determines the density of the crosslinks in the cured polymer, The polymers consist of one giant molecule (theoretically infinite) since all molecular chains are linked with each other in the completely cured polymer. Details of the preparation of the polymers are given in the appendix. 

Well after the stoichiometric point in the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, the pH depends only on the concentration of excess strong base. For example, suppose we went on to add several liters of strong base from a giant buret. The presence of salt produced by the neutralization reaction would be negligible relative to the concentration of excess base. The pH would be that of the nearly pure titrant (the original base solution). 

Freeze-thawing If SUV are freeze-thawed in the presence of a high concentration of electrolytes and subsequently dialyzed against a low electrolyte concentration, unilamellar liposomes with a diameter of more than 10 pm are formed. The formation of these giant... 

Electrophysiological protocols utilizing crayfish and squid giant axons revealed that external application of brevetoxin caused a concentration-dependent... 

Poly(A) synthesis also occurred in the second system, but the product remained within the vesicles. Walde also determined the increase of the vesicle concentration, which corresponds to that expected for an autocatalytic process. In this experiment, the enzyme PNPase is first captured by the vesicle envelope, and in the second step, ADP and oleic anhydride are added the anhydride is hydrolysed to the acid. ADP passes through the vesicle double layer and is polymerized in the interior of the vesicle by PNPase to give poly(A). Hydrolysis of the anhydride causes a constant additional delivery of vesicle-forming material, so that the amount of vesicle present increases during the poly(A) synthesis. These experiments demonstrated a model for a minimal cell. Autocatalytically synthesised giant vesicles could be prepared under similar conditions and observed under a microscope (Wik et al., 1995). 

Effects of acid strength and anion concentration have been studied as well as the effect of monodentate amines.564,565 Phosphines, in particular dppp, have been used as favorable ligands,566,567 but it has been shown that dppp is oxidized by nitrobenzene under the prevailing conditions.568 Giant clusters and heteropolyanions have been used.569,570 The role of nitroso... 

Most studies concentrated on the presence of super Li rich giants in GC. But these Li-rich giants have been quite elusive only a few have been found despite extensive searches which may have included hundreds of stars (Kraft et al. 1999, Smith et al. 1999, Pilachowski et al. 2000 ). Since Li-rich giants are treated in another contribution (De la Reza, these proceedings), I will just summarize these searches by saying that Li-rich giants are not common among GC. 

Spectral mapping Using a known transition in a molecule, such as the 155 GHz transition in CO, to map the column density or concentration of the molecule within a giant molecular cloud. 

Serum CK is consistently increased in all forms of AMD. Forearm ischemic exercise causes a normal rise of venous lactate concentration in patients with childhood or adult AMD. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is altered in Pompe s disease, with a short P-R interval, giant QRS complexes and left ventricular or biventricular hypertrophy, but is usually normal in the later-onset forms. The EMG shows myopathic features and fibrillation potentials, bizarre high-frequency discharges and myotonic discharges. 

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