Germinated kernels

El-Saidi MT (1972) Transport and metabolism of kinetin-8- " C in the mesocotyl and coleoptile of Zea mays L. Ann Bot 36 99-107 Epstein E, Cohen ID, Bandurski RS (1980) Concentration and metabolic turnover of indoles in germinating kernels of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol 65 415-421 Eschrich W (1968) Translokation radioaktiv markierter Indolyl-3-essigsaure in Siebrohren von Vida faba. Planta 78 144-157... 

Raw Materials. Two principal types of malting-grade badey are in use, ie, six-row and two-row. Six-row badey has six kernels around the stalk, whereas the two-row variety has two kernels. Six-tow kernels tend to be twisted, and the two-row grade is more symmetrical. Figure 1 is an illustration of a badey kernel and its key components. As badey is converted into malt, the acrospire for the embryo lengthens until it reaches the far end of the kernel, and roodets also grow as if the seed is germinating into a new plant. A discussion of the stmcture and composition of badey can be found in Reference 1. 

Makapuno, a peculiar Philippine coconut variety, has a cavity within the kernel filled with a palatable jellylike substance. These fruits do not germinate although they contain an embryo. However, the propagation of makapuno has been successfully developed through in vitro culture of its rescued embryo and final establishment of the seedling in the field (12, 13). 

Millennia of variation and conscious human selection have favored cultivars that are systematically different from their wild and weedy cousins. Our convenience has led us to prefer plants that have large seeds and are easy to germinate, have more blossoms and hence more fruit, and whose fruits are more easily threshed or shelled. Cultivated maize thus has a few large ears with large kernels whereas wild or semidomesticated maizes have veiy small cobs with small kernels. The difference is most starkly captured by the contrast between the huge, seed-laden commercial sunflower and its diminutive woodland relative. 

Each cup of treated topsoil was capped with a plastic lid and stored for 7, 1A, and 28 days. On the terminal day of the storage period, the cups were infested with southern corn rootworm larvae (10 specimens for each of the two replicates for each compound), and a kernel of germinating corn was added to each cup as a food supply. The cups were recapped and returned to storage for three days. At the end of this time the dead and living rootworms were counted and the percent mortality was calculated. 

Lindberg, J.E. and Sorenson, E.I. (1959) Relationship between critical kernel temperature and moisture contents with respect to germinating properties of wheat. (In Swedish) Kungliga Skogsoch Lantbruksakademiens Tidskrift Supplement 1. 

Germination of the grain is started by the usual moistening with water and spreading in heaps or layers. As soon as the kernels start to sprout the grain is crushed between rollers and... 

Since only a fraction of a grain is actually required for analysis, the seed embryo and part of the endosperm may be retained and germinated. Thus, 2-D electrophoresis may be used to screen several hundred individual kernels and the results used to select embryos that will produce uniform strains which may be crossed to demonstrate that candidate variants and wild-type pairs are indeed allelic. Whether the variants described here contribute in any important way to flour and baking quality can best be discovered by producing substrains homozygous for each. 

Radiolabeled lAA applied to the endosperm of germinating maize seedlings is transported to the shoot [113]. About 1% of the radioactivity in the shoot remained as free lAA, 2% was esterified, and 97% was metabolized to compounds not hydrolyzable to IA A. [ C]-labeled lAInos [131] was used to demonstrate that labeled lAInos applied to the endosperm could also be transported to the shoot and then hydrolyzed to yield free lAA [98,114]. lAInos-galactose, however, did not move out of the kernel and into the shoot until the galactose moiety was removed by hydrolysis. The resultant lAInos was then transported into the shoot [132]. From these results it was concluded that lAInos is a specific seed auxin precursor and that lAInos is the primary form in which LAA is transported from kernel to shoot. 

Ueda et al. [149] measured the amount of free and conjugated lAA in the endosperm of kernels of com as a function of time after germination. As can be seen from Fig. 3, both... 

Oxidation without decarboxylation. Epstein et al. [4] observed that lAA was destroyed in the endosperm of germinating com kernels at a greater rate than [ ClCOj was evolved from carboxyl labeled lAA, indicating that there must be turnover without decarboxylation. Nonhebel et al. [155] also reported that the rate of decarboxylation was lower than expected when [ C]-IAA was fed to maize seedlings. In maize, the product of non-decarboxylative oxidation of lAA in vivo is oxindole-3-acetic acid (OxIAA Fig. 4)... 

Optimum enzyme activity was observed over a broad pH range, from pH 6.8 to 9.0. The enzyme has a K, of 190 p,M for its substrate, 12-oxo-PDA. The preferred reductant was NADPH, for which the enzyme exhibited a K, of 13 i,M, compared with 4.2 mM for NADH. Reductase activity was low in the com kernel but increased five-fold by the fifth day after germination and then gradually declined [37]. 

Upon being deposited into the flower of the rye plant, the spore germinates and takes over the flower. The fungus then grows by sucking nutrients out of the rye plant, until a new kernel of ergot has been formed to repeat the process again next year. 

To put this plan into action, the few dozen kernels of ergot are kept cool and dry during the winter, then as spring approaches they are made ready to germinate by putting them in the refrigerator for one month to six weeks with the temperature held steady from just... 

Dexter, S.T., Separation of living and dead com (Zea mays) kernels without germination, Agron. J., 57 95-96 (1965). 

In the course of basic studies in the germination metabolites of Peganum harmala seeds, it was discovered that the alkaloidal constituents are located in the husk and the kernel yields 20% of oil comparable in its constants and constituents to those of cotton seed oil [9]. However, the economic viability of harmal seeds as a new source of edible oil would largely depend on the utilization of alkaloids from the husk which constitutes 50% of the whole seed and contain ca. 7% of the alkaloidal bases. In view of this fact, intensive studies have been undertaken on the chemistry of the two main alkaloids of harmala, namely harmine, harmidine, and their derivatives, and a whole series of new potentially pharmacophoric derivatives of these bases have been prepared [10]. 

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