Geophysical process

Lai, D. On the investigations of geophysical processes using cosmic ray produced radioactivity. In Earth Science and Meteoritics, S. 114—142. Ed. /. Geiss und E. D. Goldberg. Amsterdam North-Holland Publ. Comp. 1963. 

Turcotte D. L. (1989) Geophysical processes influencing the lower continental crust. In Properties and Processes of Earth s Lower Crust, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 51 (eds. R. F. Mereu, S. Mueller, and D. M. Fountain). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 321 -329. 

However, this does not apply to geophysical processes where account has to be taken of the very high pressures involved. The equation dG = V dp must be integrated in such cases. 

Charged particles represent a negligible fraction of the total mass of the atmosphere, however, in spite of this, they are of major importance in geophysical processes. Different types of radiation contribute to their origin, such as ultraviolet radiation. X-rays, and high-energy cosmic rays, emitted from the sun and from sources beyond the solar system. In the close vicinity of the earth s surface, the radioactive decay of the earth s crust components also contributes to the production of charged particles. 

Other excellent summaries describing what is known of the formation processes and geological setting of these deposits have also been assembled (30—32). Listings of nodule compositions for these and other areas have been compiled (33,34). Eor many sites these data are available as computer databases (qv) maintained by the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colorado. 

Grady, D.E. (1977), Processes Occurring on Shock Wave Compression of Rocks and Minerals, in High Pressure Research Applications in Geophysics (edited by Manghnani M.H. and S. Akimoto), Academic Press, New York, pp. 389-438. 

Shock-compression science, which has developed and matured since its inception in 1955. has never before been documented in book form. Over this period, shock-compression research has provided numerous major contributions to scientific and industrial technology. As a result, our knowledge of geophysics, planetary physics, and astrophysics has substantially improved, and shock processes have become standard industrial methods in materials synthesis and processing. Characterizations of shock-compressed matter have been broadened and enriched with involvements of the fields of physics, electrical engineering, solid mechanics, metallurgy, geophysics, and materials science... 

Volume 67 Lakshmi H. Kantha and Carol Anne Clayson. Small Scale Processes in Geophysical Fluid Flows. 1999 (in press)... 

Starting in the 1950s, electrochemical principles have been employed in the development of new technical means for the acquisihon, measurement, storage, transformation, and transfer of various types of informahon. By now many electrochemical devices have been developed for such purposes and are used to build automated systems for the control of production processes, for the automation of geophysical observations and measurements, and for many other purposes. This field, intermediate between electrochemistry, informatics, and electronics, is also known as chemotronics. 

Hannington, M.D., Jonasson, I.R., Herzig, P.M. and Petersen, S. (1995) Physical and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at midocean ridges. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions. Geophysical Monograph, 91, 115-157. 

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