Geophysical procedures

Compendium of ERT Soil Sampling and Surface Geophysics Procedures... 

One of the most difficult problems associated with buried CWM is the lack of available information. Even at well-documented burial sites, the condition of the material in the subsurface is usually unknown. Even when many sophisticated geophysical procedures are employed in attempting to determine the identity and condition of the buried material, until excavation and positive identification can be made, the actual hazards associated with the material remain relatively unknown. Archeological type excavation by hand is frequently employed in uncovering CWM,... 

Northern Dynasty Minerals 2009. http //www. northerndynastyminerals. com email receptionist pebblepartnership.com Piper, A.M. 1944. A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. American Geophysical Union Transactions, 25, 914-923. 

Many of these problems can often be avoided by the use of an integrated approach combining contemporary geophysical methods to support traditional drilling procedures. 

Barker, S., Greaves, M. Elderfield, H. 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8407, doi 10.1029/2003GC000559. 

Martin, P. A. Eea, D. W. 2002. A simple evaluation of cleaning procedures on fossil benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3, doi 10.1029/2001GC000280. 

Willard Frank Libby (United States) for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science. Libby developed a procedure that uses the relative abundance of carbon isotopes in a sample to determine how old it is. This procedure has been extremely useful to scientists from many fields and has played a major role in establishing the ordering of historical events, including the prehistory of humankind. 

Kijko, A., Graham, G. (1998). Parametric-historic procedure forprobabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Part I Estimation of maximum regional magnitude Mmax. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 152,413-442. doi 10.1007/s000240050161... 

For more sophisticated analysis further tools can be developed which requires programming skills In cases where existing procedures i.e. from geophysics are applied, these usually neither have a compatible data structure nor a suitable data range (km instead of mm, Hz instead of kHz). That means that output files from one procedure have to be converted into input files of the next one and data ranges should tried to be adjusted. 

Similar models but for the New Mexico desert in the summer were developed by the U.S. Air Force Geophysics Lab, using procedures similar to those for the AMOS model. This latter model, known as CLEAR 1 is, for nighttime,... 

Grasty, R.L. (1979). Gamma ray spectrometric methods in uranium exploration— Theory and operational procedures. In Hood, P.J. (ed.). Geophysics and Geochemistry in the search for Metallic Ores (pp. 147-161). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology Report 31. 

Shear wave velocities can be measured in situ by several seismic tests, including cross-hole and down-hole, seismic cone penetrometer, suspension logger, SASW (spectral analysis of surface waves), and MASW (multichannel analysis of surface waves). A review of these test methods is given in Woods (1994) and Kramer (1996). Their accuracy can be sensitive to procedural details, soil conditions, and interpretation techniques. Fig. 5 shows the layouts and principles of three established geophysical tests the continuous surface wave (CSW) method, the down-hole... 

The small-strain values of the soil shear modulus or the shear wave velocity may be determined by a variety of methods, the choice depending on the variability of the soil conditions, available knowledge on the material behavior, and the importance of the stmcture. These methods include (i) empirical relationships in terms of the SPT blow count or of the tip resistance of the CPT tests, (ii) geophysical field methods based on wave propagation, and (iii) dynamic laboratory tests. An overview of the testing procedures and available design equations is summarized by Kramer (1996). 

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