Geology imaging

The quantitative imaging capability of the NMP is one of the major strengtiis of the teclmique. The advanced state of the databases available for PIXE [21, 22 and 23] allows also for the analysis of layered samples as, for example, in studying non-destmctively the elemental composition of fluid inclusions in geological samples. 

P. Blunder, B. Bliimich, R. E. Botto, E. Fuku-shima (eds.) 1998, Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance Methods, Materials, Medicine, Biology, Rheology, Geology, Ecology, Hardware, VCH, Weinheim, 774 pp. Collected lectures from an MR imaging conference, various fields, also contains chemical engineering and transport. 

Four samples were similarly selected for the EPMA experiments. The samples were dried and embedded in polished epoxy cylindrical plugs. Backscattered electron (BSE) images as well as elemental maps of As, Fe and Ni (EDS/WDS) were collected using a JEOL 8600 Superprobe electron microprobe analyzer (Dept, of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan). 

Fig. 5. Comparison of Geological Map and PCA image showing distinction between gabbro, peridotite (Expo Intrusive Suite), metabasalt (Upper Beauparlant Formation).

Binzel, R. P., Gaffey, M. J., Thomas, P. et al. (1997) Geologic mapping of Vesta from 1994 Hubble Space Telescope images. Icarus, 128, 95-103. 

Mass Spectrometric Microlocal and Imaging Analysis of Geological Samples... 

For quantitative imaging of elements on cross section of geological samples LA-ICP-MS can be employed. 

Fig. 4. Film sensitivities ami final image color of normal color iml color infrared films. "Blue light absorbed by yellow filter. (JUS. Geological Survey)...

Bondre NR (2003) Analysis of vesicular basalts and lava emplacement processes for application as a paleobarometer/paleoaltimeter a discussion. J Geology 111 499-502 Carlson WD (2006) Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249(3-4) 133—147... 

Figure 7.1 Burning snowballs of methane clathrate hydrate (image courtesy of the US Geological Survey).

Hard X-ray Spectroscopy. Hard X-ray spectroscopy has been applied in a wide variety of scientific disciplines (physics, chemistry, life sciences, and geology) to investigate and image geometric and electronic structures. The method is element, oxidation, state, and symmetry specific. The technique has been particularly useful in the characterization of new materials. It has also been used in the elucidation of chemical speciation in dilute samples of environmental concern. 

Pinet, P. Chevrel, S. (1990) Spectral identification of geological units on the surface of Mars related to the presence of silicates from Earth-based near-infrared telescopic charge-coupled device imaging. J. Geophys. Res., 95,14435—46. 

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