Geochemistry phosphates

Waychunas G (2002) Luminescence of natural and synthetic apatites. In Kohn M, Rakovan J, Hughes J (eds) Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry. Phosphates geochemical, geobiological, and material importance 48. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, pp 701-742... 

In the geochemistry of fluorine, the close match in the ionic radii of fluoride (0.136 nm), hydroxide (0.140 nm), and oxide ion (0.140 nm) allows a sequential replacement of oxygen by fluorine in a wide variety of minerals. This accounts for the wide dissemination of the element in nature. The ready formation of volatile silicon tetrafluoride, the pyrohydrolysis of fluorides to hydrogen fluoride, and the low solubility of calcium fluoride and of calcium fluorophosphates, have provided a geochemical cycle in which fluorine may be stripped from solution by limestone and by apatite to form the deposits of fluorspar and of phosphate rock (fluoroapatite [1306-01 -0]) approximately CaF2 3Ca2(P0 2 which ate the world s main resources of fluorine (1). 

Schematic diagram of the coupled iron and phosphate cycles during early diagenesis in marine sediments. Light gray ovals and circles represent solid phases black arrows are solid-phase fluxes. White outlined black arrows Indicate reactions white arrows are diffusion pathways. Source From Ruttenberg, K. C. (2003). Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier Ltd. pp. 585-643.

Belayouni, H. Trichet, J. 1983. Preliminary Data On The Origin And Diagenesis Of The Organic Matter In The Phosphate Basin Of Gafsa (Tunisia), In Bjoroy et al. (eds.). Advances In Organic Geochemistry 1981. John Wiley And Sons, 328-335. 

Karpoff, A. M., Peterschmitt, I. Hoffert, M. 1980. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sedimentary Deposits on Emperor Seamounts, Sites 430, 431 and 432 Authigenesis of Silicates, Phosphates and Ferromanganese Oxides. Initial Reports Deep Sea Drilling Project, LV, US Gov. Print. Office, 463-489. 

There are opportunities to further explore the geochemistry of phosphate stabilization of... 

Cotter-Howells, J. Caporn, S. 1996. Remediation of contaminated land by formation of heavy metal phosphates. Applied Geochemistry, 11, 335-342. 

Johannesson, K.H., Lyons, W.B., Huey, S. et al. (1997) Oxyanion concentrations in eastern Sierra Nevada rivers — 2. Arsenic and phosphate. Aquatic Geochemistry, 3(1), 61-97. 

Clark, J.F., Simpson, H.J., Bopp, R.F., and Deck, B. (1992) Geochemistry and loading history of phosphate and silica in the Hudson estuary. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 34, 213-233. 

Gaudette, H.E., and Lyons, W.B. (1980) Phosphate geochemistry in nearshore carbonate sediments suggestion of apatite formation. Soc. Econ. Paleon. Min. Spec. Publ. 29, 215-225. 

Inorganic geochemistry is one of the few fields where the old wet chemistry of silicate, phosphate, carbonate and sulfide materials has been retained and even developed further. 

Kress A. G. and Veeh H. H. (1980) Geochemistry and radiometric ages of phosphatic nodules from the continental margin of northern New South Wales. Australia. Mar. Geol. 36, 143-157. 

Longinelli A. (1989) Oxygen-18 and sulphur-34 in dissolved oceanic sulphate and phosphate. In Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry (eds. P. Fritz and J. C. Fontes). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 219-255. 

Elliott J. (2002) Calcium phosphate biominerals, la Phosphates Geochemical, Geobiological and Materials Importance, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (eds. M. J. Kohn, J. Hughes, and J. Rakovan). Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, vol. 48, pp. 427-454. 

Skinner H. C. W. (2002) In praise of phosphates or why vertebrates chose apatite to mineralize their skeletal tissues. In Frontiers in Geochemistry Organic, Solution and Ore... 

Fox L. E. (1990) Geochemistry of dissolved phosphate in the Sepik River Estuary, Papua, New Guinea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 1019-1024. 

Huang X. and Evangelou V. P. (1994) Suppression of pyrite oxidation rate by phosphate addition. In Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation (eds. C. N. Alpers and D. W. Blowes). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 550, pp. 562-573. 

Cook, P.J., 1972. Petrology and geochemistry of the phosphate deposits of northwest Queensland, Australia. Econ. Geol., 67 1193—1213. 

Kaneshima, K., 1962. Geochemistry of the phosphate rocks in the Ryukyu Islands. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 83 1007—1017, 1074—1078 (Japanese, English summary). 

Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, p. 317-324. 

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