Genomics techniques

Burczynski, M. (Ed.) (2003). An Introduction to Toxicogenomics—Describes, with examples, the use of genomic techniques in toxicology. 

In this section, we will consider the methodologies used for genetic engineering of biocatalysts for desulfurization and the biocatalysts developed so far via various technologies. The application of genomic techniques as reported in patent literature associated with BDS is described first. 

PTMs, such as methylation or acetylation or addition of complex N- or O-linked glyco-sylations, are covalently bound modifications to one or several amino acid residues. This can drastically affect the outcome of the altered protein (Mann and Jensen, 2003). Genomic information, at present, cannot predict the processes of PTM and cannot be studied with genomic techniques. With protein modification, being an important area of parasitic flat-worm proteomics, the most effective method to research them is with mass spectrometry (Mann et al., 2001). 

New genomic techniques have been developed that can be used to measure the responses of the total gene array of a tissue in one assay. These responses can be considered biomarkers of either exposure or of effect. The challenge now is to assemble and analyze the tremendous amount of data made available by this new field of toxicogenomics and to interpret the meaning of the responses. In the future, it is hoped that the responses can be used to elucidate the pathways involved in the early stages of disease development. 

Genomic techniques [70,71] Screening of SNIPs, deletions, amplifications When pharmacogenetic variants should be detected... 

The use of comparative genomics techniques stands to make significant economical contributions to the agricultural industry. Agricultural genomics could lead to new strategies for industrial strain improvements in crops and dairy products. 

We chose DNA microarrays, instead of proteomic studies, as the method to conduct global analyses of the stressed E. coli cells because this genomic technique allows for screening of all ca. 4,200 genes in E. coli simultaneously and could possibly identify peptides, which are typically too small to identify in most proteomic techniques. In addition, several other groups (51-54) had conducted DNA arrays at different conditions examining the effect of Zn(II) excess on the gene profile of E. coli, and the results from these other studies could serve as comparisons for our data. 

For a gene to form a protein, its DNA has to be converted into RNA, which acts within a ribosome. Various studies have shown that the amount of RNA can vary, indicating functional variation of the gene, quantified in terms of gene expression (51). Microarray experiments represent a genomic technique that has yielded expression information of thousands of genes. 

DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Techniques Design, Analysis, and Interpretaiion of Experiments, David B. Allslon, Grier P. Page, T. Mark Beasley, and Jode W. Edwards... 

B. Method of Species Identity for Puffer by Genome Techniques... 

B. METHOD OF SPECIES IDENTITY FOR PUFFER BY GENOME TECHNIQUES... 

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