Genomics defined

There are other small biomolecules, specific to certain types of cells or organisms. For example, vascular plants contain, in addition to the universal set, small molecules called secondary metabolites, which play a role specific to plant life. These metabolites include compounds that give plants their characteristic scents, and compounds such as morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine that are valued for their physiological effects on humans but used for other purposes by plants. The entire collection of small molecules in a given cell has been called that cell s metabolome, in parallel with the term genome (defined earlier and expanded on in... 

The genome, defined as the total hereditary material (DNA) contained within the cells of an organism, is made up of individual molecules called nucleotides that contain the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The DNA molecule is a double helix composed of two intertwined nucleotide chains oriented in opposite directions. These chains of nucleotides in DNA are wound up and compacted into the chromosomes that are found in the nucleus of a cell. 

Every living cell contains a set of instructions that dictates the amino acid composition of its proteins and is responsible for programming its development and structural organization. These instructions are readily passed from one generation of cells to another and are only modified in exceptional circumstances. The instructions are coded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which constitute the genome (defined as a complete set of hereditary factors). In... 

Structural genomics is the systematic effort to gain a complete structural description of a defined set of molecules, ultimately for an organism s entire proteome. Structural genomics projects apply X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy in a high-throughput manner. 

Essential to the definition of Pharmacogenetics is the term genetic polymorphism. It is extrapolated that there are at least three million genetic polymorphisms in the human genome. Historically, a genetic polymorphism was defined as a genetic variation with a population frequency of 1% and above, but the larger inter-ethnic variation of population frequencies makes a strict definition based on such frequencies impractical. The most common molecular type of polymorphism is the... 

The proteome has been defined as the entire protein complement expressed by a genome. Thus the field of proteomics involves the extensive study of the dynamic protein products of the genome and includes... 

Classical global knockouts may have a developmental or lethal phenotype and thus preclude the analysis of the phenotypic consequences of the lack of a gene in specific tissues in adult animals. With the development of the cre/loxP and flp/FRT systems, it has become possible to excise defined DNA fragments from the genome of specified cells. Cre and Flp are bacterial and yeast recombinases, respectively, which recognize loxP and FRT sequences, respectively. The most common... 

Recent rapid technological advances have spawned a host of new terms that have caused confusion not only to interested laypeople but even to members of the scientific community. Many recently defined omics represent a case in point. The term genome was proposed by Hans Winkler in 1920 to describe the complete set of genes for a particular species (Snape et al. 2004 van Straalen and Roelofs 2006). Much later the term genomics appeared in the title of a journal (see, for example, McKusick 1997). Genomics has been defined as the study of how the genome translates into biological functions (Snape et al. 2004). 

Temple LK et al Essays on science and society defining disease in the genomics era. Science 2001 293 807. 

The moderately repetitive sequences, which are defined as being present in numbers of less than 10 copies per haploid genome, are not clustered but are interspersed with unique sequences. In many cases, these long interspersed repeats are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and contain caps indistinguishable from those on mRNA. 

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