Genetic studies disorders

Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Manifestation and Dilemma Faced by Genetic Studies in Psychiatry... 

Genetic studies of these disorders have focused on the likelihood that introversion is an inherited character trait. There does appear to be a considerable genetic component to introversion that in turn increases the risk of developing a Cluster C personality disorder. In addition to introversion, the obsessionality seen in OCPD also appears to have an inherited basis that may contribute to the risk of developing that disorder. 

Merikangas KR (1990) Comorbidity for anxiety and depression review of family and genetic studies. In Cloninger CR (ed) Cormorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 331-348... 

Hanna, G.L. (2000) Clinical and family-genetic studies of childhood ohsesslve-compulslve disorder. In Goodman, W.K., Rudorfer, M.V., and Maser, J.D., eds. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Contemporary Issues in Treatment. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erl-haum Associates, pp. 87-103. 

While genetic studies provide clear evidence that a substantial proportion of the variation in risk for developing a substance abuse or dependence disorder is accounted for by genetic variation, these studies also point to a significant environmental contribution. Although environmental determinants of risk for substance abuse or dependence are undoubtedly complex, recent work has indicated that environmental stress can... 

Panic disorder affects up to 2% of the population, but less than one-third receive treatment. Panic disorder typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood but can present in childhood. Onset is rare after age 45. Panic disorder is more prevalent in women, who have perhaps twice the rate in men. Genetic studies demonstrate a 15 to 20% rate of panic disorder in relatives of patients with panic disorder, including a 40% concordance rate for panic disorder in monozygotic twins. 

---