Genetic code control

Furthermore, should free radicals be present, the vinyl groups would much more rapidly polymerise depleting the emulsion droplets of monomer, providing the control required for a particular particle size. The composition of the solution thus determines not only the phase behaviour, but the rate of polymerisation and the particle size. If, the organism has in its genetic code, the abihty to synthesise the monomer, it presumably has... 

Translation of the information encoded in DNA, expressed as a particular nucleotide sequence, into a protein, expressed as an amino acid sequence, depends on the genetic code. In this code, sequences of three nucleotides (termed a codon) represent one of the 20 amino acids that compose the protein molecule. Because there are 64 codons which can be constructed for the four different bases, and only 20 different amino acids that are coded for, several amino acids may be coded for by more than one codon. There are also three codons, called stop codons, that terminate the transfer of information. Furthermore, although all cells contain the same complement of genes, certain cells (for example, the neurons) have specialized genes that encode specific proteins for the synthesis of specific transmitters. The expression of such genes is under the control of regulatory proteins called transcription factors which control the transcription of mRNAs from the genes they control. 

Once installed inside the host cell, the p24 protein attaches itself to and takes over control of the cell s own DNA. The HIV genetic code begins to function within the host cell, ordering it to produce... 

These chemical reactor systems are of course under high levels of process control through the brain and the genetic code. The body is a very inefficient factory to produce materials (although chicken factories produce a pound of chicken meat for approximately 3 pounds of grain consumed). 

Genetic code The hereditary information passed from generation to generation and found in the order of nitrogen bases in DNA the code controls protein synthesis in the organism. 

The virus, however, does not contain any of the cellular components necessary to replicate itself or synthesize proteins and other macromolecules that is, the virus lacks ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and so on.18 The virus contains only the genetic code (viral genome) that will produce additional viruses. To replicate itself, the virus must rely on the biochemical machinery of the host cell.95 In essence, the virus invades the host cell, takes control of the cell s metabolic function, and uses the host cell s macromolecu-lar-synthesizing apparatus to crank out new viruses. Specific steps in the viral replication process are described in the next section. 

Like alcohols, amines can form hydrogen bonds and tend to be more soluble in water than many other functional classes. The hydrogen bonds formed by amines in nucleic acids play a critical role in the genetic code. The hydrogen bonds allow the genetic bases to recognize each other, and this controls DNA synthesis and transcription, as well as protein synthesis. 

The main purpose of the genetic code is to control the manufacture of proteins. The RNA acts as an intermediary between the DNA of the genetic code and the ribosomes that actually manufacture proteins. The ribosomes are made primarily of RNA and other proteins. To distinguish which is which, the RNA carrying the message is labeled messenger RNA. Note that neither DNA or RNA are proteins. 

Automated polymer-based synthesis comes into its own when a stepwise polymerization is required with precise control over the addition of particular monomers in a specific sequence. This is almost a definition of peptide synthesis, Nature attaches each amino acid to a different polymer (transfer RNA) and uses a computer program (the genetic code) to assemble the polymers in the right order so that the amino acids can be joined together while bound to another polymer (a ribosome). No protection of any functional groups is necessary in this process. 

Biotechnology currently emphasizes microscale aspects that were not visible or envisioned until about 150 years ago, including (1) microbes (2) stereochemistry of reactions, molecular biology including transcription of genetic codes and translation for protein production and cell multiplication and (3) enzymes as catalysts. Humans came to only partially understand the nature of systems (animals, plants, insects, and soil) they handled in agriculture. Modern biotechnology must address needs of these systems, as well as those of people. Animals and plants must be healthy and adequately nourished, the pests (weeds and insects) controllable, the soil kept productive, and all must function in acceptable harmony if the quality of human life is to be sustained or improved as the population increases. 

Describe how DNA uses the genetic code to control the synthesis ] of proteins. 

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