General Challenges

These general challenges are addressed by examples of specific challenges that exemplify them. 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy negative ion spectroscopy and immunochemical technology are the subjects of several chapters. A chapter on cleanup presents a general challenge for all types of analytical techniques. Chemical derivatization of pesticides and metabolites enhances the detectability and ability to analyze small quantities of pesticide residues. 

Patent lawsuits based on the Act are rare because generally challenges to patents on prescription medicines are rare. FDA reports that of 8,259 generic applications filed between 1984 and 2001, only 6% raised a patent issue, the necessary condition for patent litigation. According to the Federal Trade Commission, more than one-quarter of patent challenges studied did not result in a lawsuit by the innovator company. Since enactment of the law, generic company share of prescription medicine use has increased from 19% of prescription units in 1984 to 50% today. 

For the ammonia synthesis to be sustainable, the hydrogen must be supplied from renewable resources. The problem of supplying sustainable hydrogen is a general challenge for the potential transition into a hydrogen economy. Initially, ammonia could be produced from natural gas where the CO2 is segregated and sequestered on site. 

General Challenges in Assessing the Comparability of Biopharmaceuticals in Terms of Their Higher-Order Structure... 

The general challenges of protein analysis (and thus applicable to LOC-based analysis) include those related to the composition of the proteome and the analytical methods. No ideal protocols exist, for example, to selectively, repro-ducibly, and non-intrusively isolate the full complement of proteins from tissue samples. The vast diversity in protein expressions, charged states, molecular sizes, and configurations makes sample preparation a challenging task. Also, extreme... 

There are some general demands for the fabrication of nanopartides independently of the material. For this purpose, the control of size and shape is one of the most important quality features for nanopartides. The suppression of a large distribution of sizes is also a general challenge in nanopartide synthesis. In addition, microreaction technology seems to be particularly suited for the generation of complex nanopartides of well-defined composition. 

The papers collected in the book represent all the contributions presented at the symposium and very plainly reflect the general challenging atmosphere permeating over the several sessions of the symposium. According to the three major lines on which the meeting was articulated, there are papers focused on synthetic and semisynthetic polymers ... 

A general challenge is the analyte-to-matrix molar ratio as many matrices caused interfering mass peaks at low m/z values. High matrix amount decreases selectivity, while a low matrix amount reduces the mass signal intensity and thus detectability. A suitable matrix concentration for UTLC is stated to be 2.66 nmol mm of a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is about 10 times less than compared to HPTLC (22.3 nmol mm ) [6]. 

The general challenges of protein analysis (and thus applicable to LOC-based analysis) include those related to the conposition of the proteome and the analytical meth-... 

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