General algin

In general, alginates are formed into gels either by using multivalent cations or by covalent cross-linking. These modifications will be discussed further, here. The major... 

There are many different types of seaweed extracts used in the food industry. Generally, alginate, carrageenan, agar and furcellan are used for edible films and coatings. 

Pectins are generally classed according to their ester content as high methoxyl pectins (>50% of the carboxyl groups esterified) or low methoxyl pectins (<50% of carboxyl groups esterified) (pectic acid, methyl ester [9049-34-1]). Low methoxyl pectins, like algins, require calcium for gelation. 

Natural Gums. These were used in early styling products, formerly called wave sets. Natural gums generally make hazy solutions and the dried film tends to flake. For these reasons they are rarely used. Some of these gums, eg, tragacanth and alginates, can create humidity-resistant films and have limited use for specific product concepts. 

Table 2 indicates that the most suitable capsular membranes comprised semi-or non-transparent systems. Generally, the multicomponent blending resulted in smooth capsules with the exception of the alginate/spermine-polymethylene-co-guanidine systems which were either irregularly shaped or mosaic. There was no correlation observed between the capsule turbidity and permeability. 

Children reflux symptoms in infancy generally resolve spontaneously by the age of 18 months, but may require feed thickening or the use of alginates More severe symptoms require specialist advice and may need treating with proton pump inhibitors. 

Solubility is a very important criterium for the different uses of polysaccharides in pharmacy. Table 4 lists the solubility criteria of some polysaccharides in water. Solutions containing sugars and alcohol generally depress the solubility of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides containing carboxyl groups, i.e., pectins, alginates, and carboxy-methylcellulose, are insoluble at low pH values. They will be precipitated when the pH is lowered below 3. 

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