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Gene Structural messenger

Daughaday WH, Rotwein P (1989), Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations, Endocr. Rev. 10 68-91. [Pg.126]

To synthesize proteins, the section of DNA that codes for that gene unravels. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized as a copy of the gene. The mRNA then combines with ribosomes, structures that read the mRNA code and synthesize the correct sequence of amino acids. [Pg.1027]

Not all the cellular DNA is in the nucleus some is found in the mitochondria. In addition, mitochondria contain RNA as well as several enzymes used for protein synthesis. Interestingly, mitochond-rial RNA and DNA bear a closer resemblance to the nucleic acid of bacterial cells than they do to animal cells. For example, the rather small DNA molecule of the mitochondrion is circular and does not form nucleosomes. Its information is contained in approximately 16,500 nucleotides that func-tion in the synthesis of two ribosomal and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). In addition, mitochondrial DNA codes for the synthesis of 13 proteins, all components of the respiratory chain and the oxidative phosphorylation system. Still, mitochondrial DNA does not contain sufficient information for the synthesis of all mitochondrial proteins most are coded by nuclear genes. Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol from nuclear-derived messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and then transported into the mito-chondria, where they contribute to both the structural and the functional elements of this organelle. Because mitochondria are inherited cytoplasmically, an individual does not necessarily receive mitochondrial nucleic acid equally from each parent. In fact, mito-chondria are inherited maternally. [Pg.220]

The various ways in which messenger RNA molecules may be spliced provides a mechanism for diversity in protein structures derived from a single gene. [Pg.190]

Discovered in the 1980s, ribozymes are RNA molecules with a very distinct hammerhead structure. They function as enzymes and directly cut RNA. Synthetic ribozymes targeted to specific messenger RNAs have been used in many laboratory studies with cells. Efforts to develop ribozyme treatments targeted to specific cancer genes and for other uses have not succeeded in clinical trials, partly because the structure of the ribozyme that is needed to allow it to work as an enzyme was destroyed when it was injected. [Pg.104]


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