Gender-specific differences

Differences are also obvious if chemicals have specific mechanisms of action that affect gender-specific differences, i.e., as a result of interaction with hormonal regulation, specific damage to the sex organs, or adverse effects on organs in the development of the infantile organism (Kalberlah and Schneider 1998). 

Zhang J, Dean RA, Brzezinski MR, Bosron WF (1996) Gender-specific differences in activity and protein levels of cocaine corboxylesterase in rat tissue. Life Sci 59 1175-1184... 

Liver disease progresses more rapidly in women, with the incidence of cirrhosis being 2 or 3 times higher than in men. Gender-specific differences in the gastric and hepatic alcohol metabolism are thought to be the factors responsible for this. 

Clewell et al. (2002b) have reviewed and evaluated the potential impact of gender-specific pharmacokinetic differences on tissue dosimetry. A large number of gender-specific quantitative differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were identified. The majority of these differences were identified between neonates/children and adults, with fewer differences being identified between young adults and the elderly. 

Clewell HJ, Teeguarden J, McDonald T, Sarangapani R, Lawrence G, Covington T, Gentry R, Shipp A (2002) Review and evaluation of the potential impact of age- and gender-specific pharmacokinetic differences on tissue dosimetry. Crit Rev Toxicol, 32 329-389. 

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