Gastric emptying effect

Nimmo I, Heading RC, Tothill P, Prescott LF. Pharmacological modification of gastric emptying Effects of propantheline and metclopromide on paracetamol absorption. Br Med J 1973 1 587-9. 

Nimmo J, Headir RC, Tothill P, Prescott LF. Fharmacolc ical modification of gastric emptying effects of prcpantheline and metocloiramide on paracetamol abscxpticxi. M/(1973) 1, 587-9. 

Nygren 1, et al. Preoperative gastric emptying. Effects of anxiety and oral carbohydrate administration. Ann Surg. 1995 222(6) 728-34. 

It will be appreciated that the delivery of nutrients from foods is attenuated by the structure of the food and the way in which it is digested. Thus, delivery from the food structure occurs over the same timescale as gastric emptying. Carotenoids, and other compounds, isolated from the food structure are generally emptied from the stomach and absorbed more rapidly. These different rates of delivery may have profound effects on subsequent metabolism. 

Most pancreatic enzyme supplements are enteric coated to release enzymes in the alkaline environment of the intestine this minimizes enzyme destruction in the stomach. Enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme supplements require fewer daily dosage units, but delivery of the drug to the site of action and effectiveness may be delayed by gastric emptying time.41... 

Levodopa, a dopamine precursor, is the most effective agent for PD. Patients experience a 40% to 50% improvement in motor function. It is absorbed in the small intestine and peaks in the plasma in 30 to 120 minutes. A stomach with excess acid, food, or anticholinergic medications will delay gastric emptying time and decrease the amount of levodopa absorbed. Antacids decrease stomach acidity and improve levodopa absorption. Levodopa requires active transport by a large, neutral amino acid transporter protein from the small intestine into the plasma and from the plasma across the blood-brain barrier into the brain (Fig. 29-2). Levodopa competes with other amino acids, such as those contained in food, for this transport mechanism. Thus, in advanced disease, adjusting the timing of protein-rich meals in relationship to levodopa doses may be helpful. Levodopa also binds to iron supplements and administration of these should be spaced by at least 2 hours from the levodopa dose.1,8,16,25... 

C. S. Chaw, E. Yazaki, D. F. Evans. The effect of pH change on the gastric emptying of liquids measured by electrical impedance tomography and pH-sensitive radiotelemetry capsule. Int. J. Pharm. 2001, 227, 167-175. 

BMI 19.8-36.0 kg m-2) were studied. All transit variables were unaffected by gender. The older subjects had a slower mean colonic transit time of radiolabeled plastic particles than the young subjects (p < 0.05), while BMI affected the gastric emptying of fiber but not other gastrointestinal variables [22]. In a more recent study, comparison was made between cohorts of young and elderly males, but no age-related effect could be determined [23]. 

---