GASP

In antisolvent processes at least three components are involved, because an organic solvent (OS) is always present. It is then important to characterize the behavior of the ternary system SCF-OS-HC. 

The features demonstrated for the system C02-toluene can be extended with good approximation to all binaries between CO2 and any OS. This means that one can achieve the almost complete dissolution of CO2 in the liquid phase, with the corresponding volumetric effect, by applying a suitable pressure. This value depends on the OS and on the temperature, but is usually lower than 100 bar. The extension of such a phase equilibrium behavior to systems containing SCFs other than CO2 is not straightforward, as the specific properties of the SCF may lead to different phase diagrams. 

Regarding the ternary system SCF-OS-HC, the most important information to look for is the pressure dependence of the HC solubility in the liquid phase. Again, this can be obtained either experimentally or by a suitable thermodynamic model, which is difficult to develop. However, Chang and Randolph [10] proposed a simple and approximate expression which is independent of the HC  

In summary, a good thermodynamic understanding of the system behavior is absolutely essential to develop and design CSS, PGSS, RESS and GASP applications. Note that we have not addressed the problem of the experimental determination of thermodynamic properties this is discussed, for example, by Bruno [11]. However, a more detailed simulation of phase equilibria of the systems related to these techniques is given by Kikic et al. [12]. 

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Another successor to OCCS was SECS [35], which was further developed into the GASP system by a consortium of German and Swiss chemical companies. The development of both the CASP and the SECS systems was discontinued in the early 1990. 

In a recent review the pharmacophore identification programs Catalyst, DISCO, and GASP have been compared [83]. 

J Moult, T Elubbard, K Eidelis, JT Pedersen. Critical assessment of methods of protein stnic-ture prediction (GASP) round III. Pi-otems, Suppl 3 2-6, 1999. 

Schnalle, /. buckle, clasp, schnallen, v.t. buckle, schnalzen, v.i. smack, cluck, snap. Schnappdecke,/. snap cover extension (to the drum of a German mask), schnappen, u.t. snap gasp. 

Attached Proton Test (APT), Gated Spin-Echo (GASPE), and... 

Figure 2.4 (A) Pulse sequence for the gated spin-echo (GASPE) or attached proton test (APT) experiment. (B) Effect of the pulse sequence on the C magnetization vectors of a CH group.

The GASPE (or APT) spectrum of ethyl acrylate is shown here. Assign the signals to the various carbons. 

In what respect is the INEPT experiment superior to the APT or GASPE experiment ... 

The GASPE spectrum of podophyllotoxin is shown. The signals at 8 56.0,108.6, and 152.0 each represent two carbons in identical magnetic environments, while the signal at 8 147.6 also represents two carbons that accidentally appear at the same chemical shift. Assign chemical shift values to various protonated and quaternary carbons in the structure. 

The GASPE spectrum of vasicinone is shown. The peak at 8 126.5 is a cluster of three peaks at 8 126.3 and 126.7 representing methine carbons. Similarly, the signal at 8 160 on the positive phase of the spectrum represents two close singlets at 8 160.4 and 160.5. Predict the chemical shift values of various protonated and quaternary carbons in the structure. 

A draught brushed my cheek and a silent shadow flew by, close enough to touch. Margaret gasped, and we crossed ourselves. In the mews one of the goshawks let out a shriek of rage. 

My mind cleared enough to know this was a sort of point of no return, even if we didn t go the whole way. I opened my eyes. Nigel s were closed, and he looked as if he was going to faint. I was surprised, because I knew that up there I was pretty disappointing, my bust hardly worth the stout satin and straps of a brassiere. But he gasped, and pulled his other hand out from behind me, so that I couldn t help sliding further sideways until I was almost lying on the sofa. He could reach my other breast. I closed my... 

Pain receptors also influence the medullary respiratory center. Pain may cause a reflex increase in ventilation in the form of a "gasp." Somatic pain typically causes hyperpnea and visceral pain typically causes apnea, or decreased ventilation. 

White, granular, or crystalline deliquescent solid that is odorless when dry but has a faint odor like almond when wet. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes irritation of the eyes and skin, asphyxia, lassitude, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, increased respiratory rate, slow gasping respiration, thyroid, and blood changes. 

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