Gasoline, sulfur treating

Doctor Test A method which can be used to determine the sweet or sour nature of gasoline by treating gasoline with a solution of lead plumbite and sulfur. As an example, the reaction which occurs with methylmercaptan is as follows ... 

In the removal of gum from cracked gasolines, sulfuric acid treatment and vapor phase clay treatment were once widely used, but gum inhibitors are now used alji ost exclusively. Only when acid is useful in several ways, as in desul/urii.i,iion plus gum removal plus the gaining of stability, is acid-treating usefyi. Vapor phase and acid processes have been almost totally replaced by fcait ycie desulfurization. 

A modem petroleum refinery is a complex system of chemical and physical operations. The cmde oil is first separated by distillahon into fractions such as gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oil. Some of the distillate fractions are converted to more valuable products by cracking, polymerization, or reforming. The products are treated to remove undesirable components, such as sulfur, and then blended to meet the final product specifications. A detailed analysis of the entire petroleum production process, including emissions and controls, is obviously well beyond the scope of this text. 

Cj s and C s include propane, propylene, normal butane, isobutane, and butylene. Propylene and butylene are used to make ethers and alkylate, which are blended to produce high-octane gasoline. Most gas plants also include treating facilities to remove sulfur from these products. 

The debutanized gasoline is cooled, first by supplying heat to the stripper reboiler or preheating the debutanizer feed. This is followed by a set of air or water coolers. A portion of the debutanizer bottoms is pumped back to the presaturator or to the primary absorber as lean oil. The balance is treated for sulfur and blended into the refinery gasoline pool. 

Products from the reactor are recovered in the main fractionator a J the gas plant. The main fractionator recovers the heaviest produc, such as light cycle and decanted oil, from the gasoline and ligh r products. The gas plant separates the main fractionator overhead vap< s into gasoline, Cj s, C4 s and fuel gas. The products contain sulfur compounds and need to be treated prior to being used. A combination of amine and caustic solutions are employed to sweeten these products... 

However, inorganic acids are used in various processes to treat unfinished petroleum products such as gasoline and kerosene, and lubricating oil stocks are treated with sulfuric acid for improvement of color, odor, and other properties. 

Acid treating a process in which unfinished petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, and lubricat-ing-oil stocks, are contacted with sulfuric acid to improve their color, odor, and other properties. 

Thiophene-type sulfur is found in cracked naphthas and is not removed in most gasoline-treating processes, except with very high losses in liquid yield. 

In addition to the sulfur compounds listed above, hydrogen sulfide has been found in many crude petroleums. Elemental sulfur has been definitely found in several crude petroleums by API Research Project 48 (23). Although Birch and Norris (5) isolated several disulfides from the spent caustic used in treating gasoline from Iranian petroleum, these compounds may have resulted from the oxidation of the thiols and their presence in the original petroleum is regarded as doubtful. Other types of sulfur compounds, such as thiophenes and aromatic thiols, have been identified in cracked petroleum products, but the presence of such compounds in naturally occurring petroleums has not yet been established. 

Doctor solution a solution of sodium plumbite used to treat gasoline or other light petroleum distillates to remove mercaptan sulfur see also Doctor test. 

The purpose of hydrofining reactions may vary with the feedstock. Gasolines or coke-oven light oil are treated to remove gum formers, that is, readily polymerizing olefins and sulfur compounds, while hydrogenation of aromatics must be avoided. Hydrogenation of kerosenes and Diesel... 

Figure 5. Flow diagram of proposed hydrotreating/FCC refinery for Paraho shale oil. Ch is butanes and lighter use for H2 plant feed, gasoline blending, and refinery fuel Foul gas and water are treated to recover NHS ana sulfur. Low-pressure catalytic reformer uses bimetallic catalyst.

Summary TNT can be made by treating toluene with 99% nitric acid in the presence of premium-unleaded gasoline. After the reaction, the TNT is then recovered by reciystallization. The crystallized TNT is collected by filtration, washed, dried, and then purified with 70% sulfuric acid. Commercial Industrial Note Part or parts of this laboratory process may be protected by international, and/or commercial/industrial processes. Before using this process to legally manufacture the mentioned explosive, with intent to sell, consult any protected commercial or industrial processes related to, similar to, or additional to, the process discussed in this procedure. This process may be used to legally prepare the mentioned explosive for laboratory, educational, or research purposes. 

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