Gammarus

As noted earlier, OPs are known to be highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and to fish. This has been demonstrated in field studies. For example, malathion applied to watercress beds caused lethal intoxication of the freshwater shrimp Gammarus pulex located downstream (Crane et al. 1995). Kills of marine invertebrates have been reported following the application of OPs. Accidental release of OPs into rivers, lakes, and bays has sometimes caused large-scale fish kills (see Environmental Health Criteria 63). 

Crane, M., Delaney, R, and Watson, S. et al. (1995). The effect of malathion 60 on Gammarus pulex below water cress beds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14, 1181-1188. 

Matthiessen, P., Sheahan, D., and Harrison, R. et al. (1995). Use of a Gammarus pulex bioassay to measure the effects of transient carbofuran runoff from farmland. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 30, 111-119. 

Paquet F, Durand J-P, Goudard F, et al. 1993. Distribution of [241Am] in hepato-pancreatic nuclear proteins of the lobster (Homarus gammarus). Biochem Mol Biol Int 29(4) 635-644. 

Pentreath [50] reported 95raTc accumulation in various species of crusacea. The final concentration factor of 785 was obtained for Homarus gammarus L. Using a linear differential model [51], he estimated a steady-state concentration factor (Css) of 1123. 

Arthur, J.W. and E.N. Leonard. 1970. Effects of copper on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Physa integra, and Campeloma decisum in soft water. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27 1277-1283. 

Maund, S.J., E.J. Taylor, and D. Pascoe. 1992. Population responses of the freshwater amphipod crustacean Gammarus pulex (L.) to copper. Freshwater Biol. 28 29-36. 

Marine Crustaceans Amphipod, Gammarus duebeni LC50 (96 h) 150.0 1... 

Baltic amphipod, Gammarus 0.3 Reduced survival after 5 weeks 24... 

Laughlin, R., K. Nordlund, and O. Linden. 1984. Long-term effects of tributyltin compounds on the Baltic amphipod, Gammarus oceanicus. Mar. Environ. Res. 12 243-271. 

Bryan, G.W., L.W. Hummerstone, and E. Ward. 1986. Zinc regulation in the lobster Homarus gammarus importance of different pathways and excretion. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 66 175-199. 

Howell, R. 1985. Effect of zinc on cadmium toxicity to the amphipod Gammarus pulex. Hydrobiologia 123 245-249. 

Sanders, H.O. 1969. Toxicity of Pesticides to the Crustacean Gammarus lacustris. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Tech. Paper 25. 14 pp. 

Abel, P.D. and S.M. Garner. 1986. Comparison of median survival times and median lethal exposure times for Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium, permethrin and cyanide. Water Res. 20 579-582. 

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus 770 Significant decreases in free amino acids after 5 days in whole-body glycogen, protein, and caloric content after 15 days and in lipid content after 30 days 23... 

Graney, R.L. and J.P. Giesy, Jr. 1986. Effects of long-term exposure to pentachlorophenol on the free amino acid pool and energy reserves of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 12 233-251. 

Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus PCBs 8, 15, 32, 155, 101 initial water concentrations of 70-210 pg/L Mysid, Mysls rellcta-, exposed to radiolabeled PCB 153 for 6 h at 4°C, then transferred to clean water for 26 days Amphipod, Pontoporeia hoy r, exposed to radiolabeled PCB 153 for 6 h at 4°C, then transferred to clean water for 26 days... 

---