Spectroscopy gamma ray

In stacked reservoirs, such as those found in deltaic series, it is common to find that some zones are not drained effectively. Through-casing logs such as thermal neutron and gamma ray spectroscopy devices can be run to investigate whether any layers with original oil saturations remain. Such zones can be perforated to increase oil production at the expense of wetter wells. 

K. Siegbahn, Beta- and Gamma-ray Spectroscopy, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1955. 

One of the limitations of the portable field survey instruments in the measurement of americium is that their quantitative accuracy depends on how well the lateral and vertical distribution of americium in the soil compares with the calibration parameters used. These methods can provide a rapid assessment of americium levels on or below surfaces in a particular environment however, laboratory-based analyses of samples procured from these environmental surfaces must be performed in order to ensure accurate quantification of americium (and other radionuclides). This is due, in part, to the strong self absorption of the 59.5 keV gamma-ray by environmental media, such as soil. Consequently, the uncertainty in the depth distribution of americium and the density of the environmental media may contribute to a >30% error in the field survey measurements. Currently, refinements in calibration strategies are being developed to improve both the precision and accuracy (10%) of gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements of americium within contaminated soils (Fong and Alvarez 1997). 

Some detectors for the visible and UV spectral regions can detect individual photons. These detectors are shot-noise limited. X-ray and gamma-ray spectroscopy also detects... 

Now, we are not particular experts in X-ray and gamma-ray spectroscopy (nor mass spectroscopy, for that matter), but our understanding of those technologies is that they are used mainly in emission mode. Even when the exciting source is a continuum source, such as is found when an X-ray tube is used to produce the exciting X-rays for an X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) measurement, the measurement itself consists of counting the X-rays emitted from the sample after the sample absorbs an X-ray from the source. These measurements are themselves the equivalent of single-beam measurements and will thus also be Poisson-distributed in accordance with the basic physics of the phenomenon. 

Parr, R. M. Houtermans, H. Schaerf, K. Computers in Acti-vation Analysis and Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Ed., Conf. -780H21 1979, p. 

V.O. Nesterenko, J. Kvasil, P.-G. Reinhard, W. Kleinig, and P. Fleischer, Proc. of the 11-th International Symposium on Capture-Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics, ed. by J.Kvasil, P.Cejnar, M.Krticka, Prague, 2002, Word Scientific Singapore, p. 143 (2003). 

Handhook of Experimental Stress Analysis , J. Wiley, NY (1950), p 982 (Fairly comprehensive description of y-ravs technique is given) 11) K. Siegbahm, "Beta and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy , Interscience, NY (1955) 12)W.J. Price, "Nuclear Radiation Detection ,... 

Potassium and thorium, which normally occur in minor or trace abundances, have been determined in surface materials on the Moon, Mars, and an asteroid by gamma-ray spectroscopy from orbiting spacecraft. 

Table 11.2 Analyses of asteroids by spacecraft X-ray diffraction and gamma-ray spectroscopy ...

Evans, L. G., Starr, R. D., Bruckner, J. et al. (2001) Elemental composition from gamma-ray spectroscopy of the NEAR-Shoemaker landing site on 433 Eros. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 36, 1639—1660. 

Prettyman, T. H., Hagerty, J. J., Elphic, R. C. et al. (2006) Elemental composition of the lunar surface analysis of gamma ray spectroscopy data from Lunar Prospector. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, E12007, doi 10.1029/2005JE002656. 

We thank P. Bowen for initial fabrication of the water manifolds in the system. Most of the fabrication of the equipment was done by R. Flores who also performed some of the initial flow tests on the peristaltic pumps. J. Bushman and M. Edwards modified and maintained the equipment W. Beiriger performed the x-ray diffraction analyses C. Slettevold and A. Biermann performed the particle analysis and determined the surface area on the samples. J. Wittmayer took the SEM photos. We also thank L, Gazlay and D. Hosmer for the gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis,... 

Background Reduction. Two sources of radiation are the major cause of trouble in gamma-ray spectroscopy. The first is the gamma-rays emitted by radioactive contaminants contained in the shielding lead or in iron, aluminum, and stainless steel used in the detector housing and cryogenics system. The second source is the Compton radiation mentioned above. 

Light scattering techniques Optical rotation-polarimetry Refractive index Infrared spectro-photometry Infrared process analyzers Microwave spectroscopy Gamma ray spectroscopy Nuclear quadrupole moment... 

Beta and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy is the title of a book by K.Siegbahn,Interscience,NY(1955)... 

Heyde, K. Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics, IOP, Bristol, 1994, pp. 82-103. Rrane, K. S. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 246-271. Rasmussen, J. O. Alpha Decay, In K. Siegbahn (Ed.), Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1965, Chapter XI. 

Siegbahn, K. Alpha, Beta and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1966. Wu, C. S. and S. A. Moszkowski. Beta Decay, Wiley, New York, 1966. 

Siegbahn, K., Bela- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, p. 9. North-Holland Publ., Amsterdam, 1955. 

Exposure to radium can be determined by use of a whole body counter to measure the presence of gamma radiation emitted by radium (Toohey et al. 1983). Radium levels can also be measured in urine, feces, and other biological media by means of gamma-ray spectroscopy (Lloyd et al. 1983). 

Davis NM, Hon R, Dillon P. 1987. Determination of bulk radon emanation rates by high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy. In Graves B, ed. Radon, radium, and other radioactivity in ground water. Chelsea, Ml, Lewis Publishers, 111-122. 

HOF85a] R. W. Hoff, J. Kern, R. Piepenbring, and J. B. Boisson, "Modeling Level Structures of Odd-Odd Deformed Nuclei," Proc. Conf. on Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics, Knoxville, TN, American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, AIP Conf. Proc. 125 (1985), p. 274. 

G. J. Mathews, W. M. Howard, K. Takahashi, and R. A. Ward, in "Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics-1984", S. Raman (ed.), (Knoxville, Tenn.) (American Institute of Physics, New York), p. 766. 

Lea84a] G. A. Leander and R. K. Sheline, Nucl. Phys. A413 (1984) 375. [Lea84b] G. A. Leander, Proceedings of Fifth International Symposium on Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy and Related Topics, Nashville, Tennessee, Sept. 1984. 

---