Gamma irradiation chloride

The very rapid oxidation of phenols by solvent radical cations can be expected to yield phenol radical cations as the first products. These species are short-lived, except in highly acidic solutions, and were not observed in the microsecond pnlse radiolysis experiments described above. They were detected, however, in frozen matrices and with nanosecond pulse radiolysis Gamma irradiation of phenols in w-butyl chloride or in l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113) at 77 K produced phenol radical cations, which were detected by their optical absorption and ESR spectra . Annealing to 133 K resulted in deprotonation of the radical cations to yield phenoxyl radicals. Pulse radiolysis of p-methoxyphenol and its 2,6-di-fert-butyl derivative in w-butyl chloride at room temperature produced both the phenol radical cations and the phenoxyl radicals. The phenol radical cations were formed very rapidly k = 1.5 x 10 ° M s ) and decayed in a first-order process k = 2.2 x 10 s ) to yield the phenoxyl radicals. The phenoxyl radicals were partially formed in this slower process and partially in a fast process. The fast process of phenoxyl formation probably involves proton transfer to the solvent along with the electron transfer. When the p-methoxy group was replaced with alkyl or H, the stability of the phenol radical cation was lower and the species observed at short times were more predominantly phenoxyl radicals. 

Hamill, Guarino, and Ronayne (II) gamma irradiated 0.18 mole % benzyl chloride in glassy 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) at liquid nitrogen temperature and obtained a maximum ultraviolet absorption band at 320 m/x in agreement with Porter and Strachan, see Table I. They also irradiated 1.0 mole % allyl chloride, allyl bromide and allyl alcohol in 3-methylpentane (3-MP) and in all cases observed a maximum absorption band at 228 m/x which they attributed to the allyl free radical. They also irradiated 3-chloro-1-butene and 3-chlorocyclohexene in 3-MP and determined the wavelengths of the absorption band maxima of the 1-methyl allyl and 2-cyclohexen-l-yl free radicals given in Table I. 

Torikai et al. [1994] compared the effects of gamma irradiation of films of PS/PMMA blends and PS-PMMA copolymer (co-PS-PMMA) (Table 11.9). Polymer films were cast from methylene chloride solutions and were dried under vacuum. Based on the UV and FTIR spectroscopy, and viscosity measurements, Torikai et al. [1994] concluded that whereas the presence of PS in the copolymer provided protection against radiation-induced degradation to the PMMA units, similar... 

Gamma irradiation of SWNTs has been used as a pretreatment for chemical functionalization with thionyl chloride (SOClj). This process was based on the premise that the concentration of defects is likely to influence the concentration of functional groups attached to the nanotubes (Skakalova et al. 2004). This study showed that further functionalization with SOCI2 after irradiation enhances even more both the Young s modulus and the electrical conductivity. 

Sucro.se wa.s modified by GA, glycidyl methacrylate, 1,2-epoxy hexene, methaeryloyl chloride and acetyl chloride and then was polymerized by chemical initiator or gamma irradiation. Hydrolysis in basic solution and strong acidic solittion. Porential use as superabsorbents. Chtm and Park, unpublished data... 

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