Gamma densitometry

Tortora, P.R., Ceccio, S.L., O Hem, T.J., Trujillo, S.M., and Torczynski, J.R. (2006), Quantitative measurement of solids distribution in gas-solid riser flows using electrical impedance tomography and gamma densitometry tomography, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 32(8) 972-995. 

JANARDHANAN, S., et al., Testing of massive lead containers by gamma densitometry , Industrial Isotope Radiography (Proc. Nat. Symp.), Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd., Tiruchirapalli, India (1976). 

Azzi M, Turlier P, Large JF, Bernard JR. Use of a momentum probe and gamma-densitometry to study local properties of fast fluidized beds. In Basu P, Horio M, Hasatani M, eds. Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III. Oxford Pergamon Press, 1991, pp 189-194. 

Daly JG, Patel SA, Bukur DB. Measurement of gas holdups in a three-phase bubble eolumn by gamma-ray densitometry. In Large JF, Laguerie C, eds. Fluidization VIII. New York Engineering Foundation, 1995, pp 647 55. 

This is illustrated in Fig. 4 reproduced from Verloop (1994) and Van den Akker (1998). These authors were able to reproduce this behavior by means of CFD simulations in which they assumed bubbles bursting from the bed surface and entraining particles into the freeboard. Similarly, the overall dilute gas-solid flow in risers (used for catalytic cracking of crude oil) is often dominated by inhomogeneities usually described as strands or clusters (Fligner et al, 1994 Horio and Kuroki, 1994 Yonemura et al, 1995). Harris et al (2002) reviewed experimental literature data on cluster formation in riser flow. Mudde et al (1999) made observations in a turbulent fluidized bed 38.4 cm in diameter by means of a dual gamma-ray densitometry technique, illustrated by the measuring series of Fig. 5, and from such... 

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