Gallium promoted

Toyira, J., P. Ramirez de la Piscinal, J. L. G. Fierrob, and N. Homs, Catalytic performance for CO2 conversion to methanol of gallium-promoted copper-based catalysts influence of metallic precursors , Appl. Catal. B Environ., vol 34, Issue 4, 28 November 2001, pp 255-66. 

Toyir, J. Piscina, PR. Fierro, J. L. G. Homs, N. Catalytic Performance for CO Conversion to Methanol of Gallium-Promoted Copper-based Catalysts Influence of Metallic Precursors. Appl Catal, B. 2001, 34,255-266. 

Table 10. Catalytic enantioselective epoxide ring opening with 4-methoxyphenol 105 promoted by gallium hetero-bimetallic complexes in the presence of MS 4A.

The effect of metal promoter species on the rate of carbonylation of [Ir(CO)2l3Me] was tested. Neutral ruthenium iodocarbonyl complexes such as [Ru(CO)3l2]2> [Ru(CO)4l2] or [Ru(CO)2l2]n were found to give substantial rate enhancements (by factors of 15-20 for a Ru Ir ratio of 1 13 at 93 °C, PhCl). Indium and gallium triiodides and zinc diiodide had comparable promotional effects. By contrast, addition of anionic ruthenium(II) species [Ru(CO)3I3] or [Ru(CO)2I4]2 did not lead to any appreciable promotion or inhibition. This behaviour indicates that the ability to accept an iodide ligand is a key property of the promoter. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that an iodide ligand can be transferred from [ Ir(C0)2l3Me] to neutral ruthenium or indium species [73,74],... 

Another route to ethylbenzene is available for those remote places where olefin plants or refinery crackers are not nearby but a supply of ethane is— catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene followed by its reaction with benzene to produce EB. The first of two steps in Figure 8-4 use a gallium zinc zeolyte catalyst that promotes ethane dehydrogenation to ethylerie at 86% selectivity and up to 50% conversion per pass. 

The finding of the low-temperature activation of propane on zeolite Ga/HZSM-5 indicates a bifunctional reaction mechanism 179,181. The highly dispersed gallium oxide species in close vicinity to the Bronsted acid sites promote the initial activation of propane. Derouane et al. 179,181 further showed that hydrogen inhibits the activation of propane. This effect was explained by a competitive adsorption of hydrogen on the gallium species or even by a reduction of Ga to Ga species. 

Bismuth gallate (formerly known as Dermatol ) is antiseptic, astringent and siccative. Gallium nitrate reduces metalloproteinase activity in wounds and promotes the migratory phenotype of keratinocytes that can move more easily over the temporary protein matrix and close the wound more quickly. It reduces keratinocyte ability to synthesize the desmosomes that anchor the cell locally and limit its movements. 

The simple relation between the work function and the cataljd io activity relating the oxygen exchange is also lacking for the promoted oxides. Thus, the addition of 0.5 at. — % of both lithium and gallium to zinc oxide leads to a decrease of the work function while the... 

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