Gallbladder capacity

Hepatic function may be impaired as may drug-metabolising capacity (t of antipyrine, a general indicator of the drug-metabolising capacity, may increase by 30%). Gallbladder disease is more common, and highly vascular hepatocellular adenomas occur (rare). 

Recent investigations into the mechanism of action of these bile acids indicate that ursodeoxycholic acid has certain advantages over chenodeoxycholic acid in the context of the overall homeostasis of cholesterol metabolism (F6). In contrast to chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid does not suppress bile acid synthesis (H7), possibly because the a-orientation of the 7-hydroxyl group of chenodeoxycholic acid is required to inhibit cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase activity. Thus, cholesterol breakdown into bile acids is not reduced by ursodeoxycholic acid. Other favorable factors are that ursodeoxycholic acid has a reduced capacity to solubilize cholesterol into micellar solution compared to chenodeoxycholic acid and intestinal cholesterol absorption is decreased by this bile acid (F6, H7). However, in gallbladder bile the relative limitation of ursodeoxycholic acid for micellar solubilization of cholesterol is compensated for by an ability to transport... 

Morphine and certain other central analgesics have a contractile action on the sphincter of Oddi (M18). Increased biliary pressure arrests the secondary phase of BSP disappearance from the circulation the initial rapid phase is unaffected. This effect is not demonstrable in patients with intact gallbladders since the gallbladder has some capacity to regulate pressure. Codeine phosphate has a similar effect to morphine in cholecys-tectomized patients, causing biliary colic and elevated BSP retention. Pholcodine and l-(2,12-benzylphenoxyl-l-methylethyl) piperidine has no such effect. Papaverine exerts a counter-effect, relieving colic and BSP stasis (H26). 

The gallbladder has a capacity of between 1.2 and 1.7 fluid ounces. What is the capacity in milliliters of a gallbladder that can hold 1.42 fluid ounces (There are 32 fl oz/qt.)... 

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