Galactosyl ceramide

Mutant or knockout mice defective in specific enzymes involved in lipid synthesis have provided powerful tools for genetic analysis of lipid function in the nervous system. For example, disruption of the genes for ceramide galactosyl transferase or galactosyl ceramide sulfotransferase,... 

Central nervous system myelin is enriched in certain lipids. Table 4-1 lists the composition of bovine, rat, and human myelin compared to bovine and human white matter, human gray matter, and rat whole brain [1] (see Ch. 3). While there are no absolutely myelin-specific lipids, cerebroside (galactosyl ceramide) is the most typical of myelin. With the exception of early development,... 

We initially demonstrated that brain cerebrosides, galactosyl-ceramides containing hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) and nonhydroxy fatty acids (NFA), could be completely derivatized by reaction with 10% benzoyl chloride at 60°C for 1 hour (2). After removal of excess reagents by partition between hexane and alkaline aqueous methanol, the perbenzoyl derivatives were seen to separate into two completely resolved components (HFA and NFA... 

Harouse JM, CoUman RG, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Human immunodeficiency vims type 1 infection of SK-N-MC cells domains of gpl20 involved in entry into a CD4-negative, galactosyl ceramide/3 -sulfogalactosyl ceramide-positive cell line. J. Virol. 1995 69 7383-7390. 

A few GSLs are based on galactosyl ceramide rather than glu-cosyl ceramide. Galactosyl ceramide synthase, unlike glucosyl... 

Rai AN, Basn A. Synthesis of the glycosphingolipid beta-galactosyl ceramide and analogues via olefin cross metathesis. J. Org. Chem. 2005 70 8228-8230. 

Bhat S, Mettus R, Reddy E, Ugen K, Srikanthan V, Williams W, Weiner D. The galactosyl ceramide/snlfatide receptor binding region of HIV-lgpl20 maps to amino acids 206-275. Aids Res. Hum. Retrovirus. 1993 9 175-181. 

Galactosyl ceramide (GLjb) Gaipi Cer Major neutral glycolipid in plasma... 

Harouse, J. M., Bhat, S., Spitalnik, S. L Laughlin, M Stefano, K Silberberg, D. H., and Gonzales-Scarano, F. (1991) Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against galactosyl ceramide. Science 253, 320-323. 

Sulfatide binds directly to insulin, and sulfatide, but not its galactosyl-ceramide precursor, was able to compete with monoclonal antibodies directed against a subdomain of the insulin molecule (Osterbye et al., 2001). Sulfatide specifically promotes in vitro refolding of proinsulin into its zinc-dependent hexameric form while without a sulfatide or in the presence of galactosylcer-amide, proinsulin dimers and hexamers were nearly absent (Osterbye et al.,... 

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