Gain factor

Block 3 a device for management and synchronisation. Serves for adjusting the parameters of the system, gain factor, input impedance, amplitude and the duration of the initial pulse, as well as ensures a database communication for the further processing by the computer. 

Fig. 41.2. Gain factor during the recursive estimation process (see Table 41.1).

A matter of controversial discussion is the comparison of pseudorandom and conventional single slot chopping for details see Ref. 11. The comparison can be expressed quantitatively by introducing the gain factor G(/J, which represents the ratio of the variances resulting in channel k from the two kinds... 

Figure 10 0 yield functions for electron impact on (a) gaseous O2, (b) 4 ML of O2, and (c-g) 0.15 ML of O2 condensed on 4 ML of the indicated substrate. The dashed lines and bars indicate the known positions of the Oj resonances. The gain factor over each curve is relative to curve (c), and the shifted baselines correspond to the zero anion intensity levels. Figure based on the data of Ref. 41. 

This type of derivatization seems promising for the detection of drugs and metabolites with phenolic groups. A recent application on the determination of chlorophenols in surface water showed that the dansyl derivatives of phenols are readily convertible to the highly fluorescent dansyl-OH and dansyl-OCHs products after postchromatographic irradiation (281). Fluorescence gain factors of up to 8000-fold were obtained for chlorophenol derivatives with a low native fluorescence. 

The modulus of the gain factor of such a filter (Butterworth) is shown in Fig. 3.7 b (curve 4). The total unit-step response of a measuring instrument equipped with a filter determined by the second-order expression (3.12) is presented in Fig. 3.7a (curve 2). Verification tests of the method have given good agreement between theory and experiment. 

Because allpass filters are linear and time invariant, they commute like gain factors with other linear, time-invariant components. Fig. 10.15 shows a diagram equivalent to Fig. 10.14 in which the allpass filters have been commuted and consolidated at two points. For computability in all possible contexts (e.g., when looped on itself), a... 

Figure 7.21 Results for the algorithm developed by Rahman et al. The first row shows the results without using the gain factor. The images shown in the second row show the results when the gain factor is used with a value of k = 5. In both cases, three Gaussians were applied with oj e [1.0, 0.16, 0.03].

Color correction on multiple scales, no gain factor. 

Determination of material parameters gain factor T, effective electro-optic coefficient (( reff) and effective trap density AAir... 

By using the simplified model to analyse the control system according to Figure 1, it can be clearly shown, that as a consequence of stability requirements and limitations in the measurement, the gain factor of the PID controller is restricted to small values. 

The gain factors c, i=l,...,4 are obtained by minimizing a time-invariant quadratic performance index by the solution of the steady state matrix RICCATI-equation. 

Typical hose-flow characteristics of this system are summarized as follows hose length, 210 m inside radius, 0.48 cm hose volume, 16 L flow rate, 6 L/min flow velocity, 130 cm/s Reynold s number, 11,700 (at 20 °C) time in hose, 160 s predicted and observed hose smear, 1.2 and 2.8 s, respectively and estimated system dead volume (includes manifold in laboratory), 400 cm. After an impulse enters the hose, the predicted hose smear represents the exit interval between signal maximum and one standard deviation (for this experiment a 4.5-L/min flow rate was used). Flow becomes turbulent at about 150 L/min. The clean pump does not behave as a pure dead volume, so the effective volume is only an estimate however, by using the estimates just discussed and considering a gain factor of 0.35 as a threshold, the spatial resolution can be determined for the system of 50 m in the horizontal scale at a 5-m/s (10 knot) ship speed or of 25 m at 2.5 m/s (5 knots). 

In these equations Av is the spectral range of frequencies considered, Av1/2 is the signal half-height width in Hz, T is the spin-lattice relaxation time and A is the acquisition time of the free induction decay. For quadrupolar nuclei in liquids, usually T = T = TQ, where TQ is defined by equation (35), so that Tx = (7tAv1/2) 1. Equations (24) to (26) indicate that the maximum gain factor is ... 

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