Further studies on wrap tension

FEA has proven to be a usefiil tool for the design and analysis of the CRS. With properly characterized input data of the material properties, FEA models were able to capture the stress—strain behavior of the FRPC, simulate the effects of coupled loadings and optimise the parameters and performance of the CRS. 

Although the ability of CRS to strengthen corroded risers has been proven, the current application of CRS involving either wet lay-up of composite laminates or installation of fuUy cured composite shells can be cumbersome when brought to the site of 

This section provides further information on research, industrial projects, pubhcations and current development of the use of FRPC in repairing offshore risers. 

Stress Engineering, Inc. is one of the major companies that has run multiple full-scale tests to validate the performance of numerous onshore pipeline composite repair products that are available in the market. Full reports documenting the vahdation of composite repair products are available (Alexander, 2005 Worth, 2005 Francini and Kiefner, 2006). Various publications on the development of the CRS for offshore riser application are also available under Chris Alexander of Stress Engineering, Inc. A program cosponsored by the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) involves the full-scale testing of corroded risers with a CRS placed in a seawater test facility for 10,000 h subjected to combined pressure, tension and bending loads (Alexander, 2012). 

Additional information such as material and bonding properties between steel and composite can be obtained by reviewing literature related to composite patch repair on a steel structure. A comprehensive amount of studies have been conducted and can be used as a basis to model the bonding between the composite repair material and steel riser. 

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