Fungi types

The best protection for wood against the attack of decay fungi, insects, or marine borers is obtained by applying preservatives under pressure before installation (61,62). Both oil-type preservatives, such as creosote or petroleum solutions of pentachlorophenol, and waterborne preservatives, such as copper-chrome arsenate and ammoniacal-copper arsenate, are used when wood is to be in direct contact with the ground or in the marine environments. 

Most peptide antibiotics have been isolated from Jictinomycetes and especially from Streptomjces. Many P-lactams, however, and a few other useful peptide antibiotics have come from fungi. These streptomycete and fungal peptide antibiotics include many stmctural types having varied therapeutic indications and/or scientific appHcations. 

Other materials based on EDA have also been suggested as fungicides. The most important of the imida2oline type (162) is 2-heptadecyl-2-imida2oline (163), prepared from EDA and stearic acid [57-11-4]. It is used as the acetate salt for control of apple scab and cherry leaf spot. A 2 1 EDA—copper sulfate complex has been suggested for control of aquatic fungi (164). 

Disinfection tests can be classified according to the test organism, ie, whether the test employs certain species of bacteria, fungi, or vimses classified as to whether it is a static test or a cidal test, as in a bactericidal vs bacteriostatic test or sporicidal vs sporistatic test or classified as to whether it is a microbial reduction test or an end-point test where all the organisms in the test are apparently killed. Procedures may be distinguished by in vitro or in vivo testing. Another way to consider tests is whether they are screening tests, practical type laboratory tests, or field tests. 

Flavone-type dyes occur in all the higher plants in the leaves, roots, bark, fmits, poUen, and flower petals. None have been found in fungi, mosses, or hchens. The most widespread flavone dyes are quercetin [117-39-5] (12) and kaempferol [520-18-3] (13) ... 

Trees and soils of forests act as sources of NH3 and oxides of nitrogen. Ammonia is formed in the soil by several types of bacteria and fungi. The volatilization of ammonia and its subsequent release to the atmosphere are dependent on temperature and the pH of the soil. Fertilizers are used as a tool in forest management. The volatilization of applied fertilizers may become a source of ammonia to the atmosphere, especially from the use of urea. 

The desired produet in the fermentation proeess depends on the pertinent eondition used, the type of mieroorganisms (e.g., baeteria, fungi, and mammalian eell lines), and on eeonomie faetors. The various types of produet are ... 

Aldol reactions occur in many biological pathways, but are particularly important in carbohydrate metabolism, where enzymes called aldolases catalyze the addition of a ketone enolate ion to an aldehvde. Aldolases occur in all organisms and are of two types. Type 1 aldolases occur primarily in animals and higher plants type II aldolases occur primarily in fungi and bacteria. Both types catalyze the same kind of reaction, but type 1 aldolases operate place through an enamine, while type II aldolases require a metal ion (usually 7n2+) as Lewis acid and operate through an enolate ion. 

Dermatophytes are a special type of fungi, invading the skin and able to grow on keratin as a sole nutrient base. 

The cytochalasins are a group of metabolites produced by certain fungi (e.g., Helminthosporium dermatoideum) that inhibit actin-dependent types of cell movement such as leukocyte locomotion, phagocytosis, cytokinesis, the retraction of... 

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