Fungi cell wall

P-D-, mutarotation of, 23 /3-L-, mutarotation of, 23 in fungi cell-walls, 413 L-, calcium chloride complex, mutarotation of, 35... 

Chitosan, an important structural component of several fungi cell walls, is a liner p-(l,4)-glucosamine polymer produced by deacetylation of chitin and was reported to be the most active ingredient contained within fungal cell walls [19]. It was convincingly demonstrated that chitosan had a potential dual role inducing... 

Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin that is the main component of fungi cell walls, exoskeletons of arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, shrimps, insects, molluscs, including the squid. The addition of chitosan into the natural rubber phase increased the brittleness and hardness of the blended polymers that were related to the increase of the modulus, tensile strength, and Shore A hardness value, but a decrease of the elongation at break compared to pure natural rubber due to the flexibility of the fairly brittle chitosan. Thus, the flexibility of the polymer chain in these blended systems was highly restricted. In addition, the mechanical properties of natural rubber/ chitosan blends increased when the natural rubber/chitosan was aged at 55 °C for 10 days due to thermal crosslinking in the natural rubber phase. This increased the adhesion between natural rubber and chitosan phases in the blended systems. 

Karunanandaa, K., Varga, G. A. (1996a). Colonization of crop residues by white-rot fungi cell wall monosaccharides, phenolic acids, ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibility of cell wall fiber components in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 63,273-288. 

Yeasts are one land of fungi. They are unicellular organisms surrounded by a cell wall and possessing a distinct nucleus. With veiy few exceptions, yeasts reproduce by a process known as budding, where a small new cell is pincEed off the parent cell. Under certain conditions, an individual yeast cell may become a fruiting body, producing spores. 

In nature, there are several sources of enzymes that are capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of PHB. The polymer itself is produced by bacteria and occurs in cells as discrete inclusion bodies. These bodies contain the necessary enzymes for degrading the polymer, preventing its build-up in the cell. As well as this, there are numerous bacteria and fungi, many of which are found in the soil, that are capable of secreting the necessary enzymes outside their cell walls, and thus of iiufiating degradation of PHB. 

It may be that this fact was associated with the rather complex composition of fungal mycelium, consisting of chitin enclosed in a glucan matrix (Bowman, Free, 2006). Therefore, mature saprophyte mycelium are completely covered by difficult-soluble glucans and the fraction of chitin in the apical cell wall is not sufficient. As such, we supposed that these cationic isoforms bound with another major component of the fungi... 

The cell wall of S. cerevisiae, like that of other fungi, is very strong. Despite its great strength, one should remember that the cell wall is a dynamic structure (unlike a brick wall). There are three major components ... 

In cricoid or ectomycorrhizal fungi, the thickness of the hyphal cell wall is much the same in presymbiotic and symbiotic hyphae, although the fibrillar material on the surface of ericoid fungi outside the root disappears during penetration (69). 

P. Bonfante, At the interface between mycorrhizal fungi and plants. The structural organization of cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton Mycota, Vol. IX, Fungal Associations (B. Hock, ed.). Springer-Verlag. In press. 

R. Balestrini, M. G. Hahn, A. Faccio. K. Mendgen, and P. Bonfanie, Differential localization of carbohydrates epitopes in plant cell walls in the presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol. 111 203 (1996). 

---