Functional Morphology

Sensory (vomeronasal) tentacular-apparatus in Caecilians (Apodan amphibian, Gymniophiona) (from Badenhorst, 1978). 

Ritchie (1944) wrote The Organ of Jacobson consists of paired tubular bodies, vascular and richly innervated, lying enclosed in bone in the front of the nasal chamber, and communicating with the nostrils above, and on the other hand with the mouth by two naso-palatine canals which open behind the posterior incisors. It occurs from Amphibia onwards and is probably an accessory organ of smell . 

The higher vertebrates retained the basic Nervus termitialis, a VN-associated chemoreceptive neurai network (Fig. 2.9) with some cognate functions (Chap. 5 and Murphy, 1998). In mammals, an apparently unique and enigmatic OR cell cluster with a separable MOB input occurs. This minor structure (Fig. 2.10), the Septal Organ (of Masera), is possibly adaptive, has no peripheral connection to the VNO, and its capacity for central modulation of MOS and or AOS input is unknown (Naguro, 1984 Marshall, 1986). 

The chemoreceptive systems built up a capacity to discriminate many thousands of chemicals by expanding the range of receptor types. The alterations to the MOS were more varied from reduction and elimination, to enhancement and expansion. In the AOS genome, the latter trend appears (Chap. 6.4) to be less extensive, perhaps being stabilised to maintain the benefits derived from the linkage between the exocrine and endocrine systems. 

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Reported impacts of mercury on individuals can be categorized into physiological/ functional, morphological, behavioral, reproductive, and demographic. 

JL Madara, JS Trier. Functional morphology of the mucosa of the small intestine. In LR Johnson, ed. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. 2nd ed. New York Raven, 1994. 

Wharton, D. (1983) The production and functional morphology of helminth egg-shells. Parasitology 86, 85-97. 

Vasiliev, A.V. (1977). Functional Morphology of Secretory Plant Cells. Nauka, Leningrad, Russia. 

Pavelka M. Functional Morphology of the Golgi Apparatus, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1987. 

Williams, H.H. (1966) The ecology, functional morphology and taxonomy of Echeneibothrium Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda Tetraphyl lidea), a revision of the genus and comments on Discobothrium Beneden, 1870 Pseudanthobothrium Baer, 1956 and Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963. Parasitology 56, 227-285. 

Hay, M.E., The functional morphology of turf forming seaweeds persistence in stressful marine habitats, Ecology, 62, 739, 1981. 

Steinbrecht R. A. (1987) Functional morphology of pheromone-sensitive sensilla. In Pheromone Biochemistry, eds G. D. Prestwich and G. J. Blomquist, pp. 353-384. Academic Press, London. 

De La Iglesia FA, Sturgess JM, Feuer G. 1982. New approaches for the assessment of hepatotoxicity by means of quantitative functional-morphological interrelationships. In Plaa G, Hewitt WR, eds. Toxicology of the liver. NewYork, NY RavenPress, 47-102. 

The formation of these membranes from the fertilised egg in the Cyclophyllidea is shown in Fig. 7.4. Their structure and formation in Hymenolepis is considered in further detail on p. 179 their histochemistry is shown in Tables 7.3 and 7.6. In considering the functional morphology of eggs, it must be borne in mind that some eggs, such as those of the Pseudophyllidea (e.g. D. latum), hatch in water others hatch in the alimentary canal of invertebrates or vertebrates (e.g. H. diminuta, T. saginata) and one species (H. nana), uniquely, can hatch in both its intermediate (beetle) and definitive (rat) host. 

Andersen, K. I. Lysfjord, S. (1982). The functional morphology of the scolex of two Tetrabothrius species (Cestoda Tetrabothriidae) from penguins. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 67 299-307. 

Slais, J. (1973). Functional morphology of cestode larvae. Advances in Parasitology, 11 395-480. 

Gartner, B.L. (Ed.) 1995. Plant Stems Physiology and Functional Morphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 

Parker AR (1999) Inverterbrate structural colour. In Savazzi E (ed) Functional morphology of the invertebrate skeleton. Wiley, New York... 

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