Fulvic acid characterization

Hundal, L. S., Carmo, A. M., Bleam, W. L., and Thompson, M. L. (2000). Sulfur in biosolids-derived fulvic acid Characterization by ZXANES spectroscopy and selective dissolution approaches. Environ. Sci. Technol 34, 5184-5188. 

Huffman GP, Mitra S, Huggins FE, Shah NS, Vaidya N, Lu F (1991) Quantitative analysis of all major forms of sulfur in coal by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Energy Fuels 5 574-581 Huffman GP, Shah NS, Huggins FE, Stock LM, Chatterjee K, Kilbane JJ, Chou M, Buchanan DH (1995) Sulfur speciation of desulfurized coals by XANES spectroscopy. Fuel 74 549-555 Huggins FE, Huffman GP (1995) Chlorine in coal anEXAFS spectroscopic investigation. Fuel 74 556-569 Hundal LS, Carmo AM, Bleam WL, Thompson ML (2000) Sulfur in biosolids-derived fulvic acidic characterization by XANES spectroscopy and selective dissolution approaches. Environ Sci Technol 34 5184-5188... 

Cook, R. L. and Langford, C. H. (1998). Structural characterization of a fulvic acid and a humic acid using solid-state ramp-CP-MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 719-725. 

The Hayase procedure [6] discussed in section 10.1.1.2 has also been applied to marine sediments. Sedimentary fulvic acid exhibited increasing hydrophilic character with increasing molecular weight. The method used was effective for hydrophobichydrophilic characterization of humic substances. 

Goodman, B.A. Cheshire, M.V. (1987) Characterization of iron-fulvic acid complexes using Mossbauer and FPR spectroscopy. Sci. Total Fnviron. 62 229-240 Goodman, B.A. Lewis, D.G. (1981) Mossbauer spectra of aluminous goethites (a-FeOOH). J. Soil Sci. 32 351-363 Goodman, B.A. (1988) An introduction to physical and chemical principles. In Studd, J.W. Goodman, B.A. Schwertmann, U. (eds.) Iron in soils and day minerals. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, NATO ASI Sen 217 19-36... 

Correlation of Structure with Source. Allochthonous-derived DOM (8) was isolated from the Suwannee River at its origin in the Okefe-nokee Swamp in southern Georgia. The fiilvic acid fraction, which is responsible for the black coloration of the water, was extensively characterized (9). Several average molecular models based on quantitative analytical data were presented in that report (10) to denote the mixture characteristics of fiilvic acid. One model, modified to depict biochemical sources and based on quantitative analytical data (10), is presented in Structure 1. Other models of Suwannee River fulvic acid (based on lignins, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoid sources) were previously proposed (II). 

DOM is derived from autochthonous sources such as phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria (16) at Big Soda Lake near Fallon, Nevada. This lake is alkaline (pH 9.7) and chemically stratified. It contains DOC concentrations as high as 60 mg/L and dissolved salt concentrations as high as 88,000 mg/ L (17). The DOM in this lake is colorless. The fulvic acid fraction was isolated by adsorption chromatography (Amberlite XAD-8 resin) (18) and by zeo-trophic distillation of water from N,N-dimethylformamide (19). Average molecular model synthesis was achieved in a manner similar to that used for fulvic acid from the Suwannee River. The characterization data are presented in Table I and the structural model is presented in Structure 2. 

Dahlman O, Reimann A, Ljungquist P, Morck R, Johansson C, Boren H, Grimvall A (1994) Characterization of Chlorinated Aromatic Structures in High Molecular Weight BKME-Materials and in Fulvic Acids from Industrially Unpolluted Waters. Wat Sci Tech 29 81... 

Langford, C. H., and A. G. Bruccoleri. 2000. Photophysics and photochemistry of two well characterized fulvic acids. IHSS (Toulouse, Prance) 10 69—71. 

McKnight, D. M., E. W. Boyer, P. Doran, P. K. Westerhoff, T. Kulbe, and D. T. Andersen. 2001. Spectrofluorometric characterization of aquatic fulvic acid for determination of precursor organic material and general structural properties. Limology and Oceanography 46 38. 

Schnitzer, M., and Ghosh, K. (1982). Characterization of water soluble fulvic acid-copper and fulvic acid-iron complexes. Soil Sci. 134, 354-363. 

Abbt-Braun, G. (1992). A Spectroscopic characterization of humic substances in the ultraviolet and visible region. B Interpretation of the pyrolysis products of isolated humic and fulvic acid. In Progress in Hydrogeochemistry, Matthess, G., Frimmel, F., Hirsch, P., Schulz, H. D., and Usdowski, H.-E., eds., Springer, Berlin, A pp. 24-36 B pp. 46-51. 

Weber J. H., and Wilson S. A. (1975) The isolation and characterization of fulvic acid and humic acid from river water. Water Res. 9,1079-1084. 

Nanny, M. A. (1999). Deuterium NMR characterization of noncovalent interactions between monoaromatic compounds and fulvic acids. Org. Geochem. 30, 901-909. 

Dos Santos, D. S., Alvarez-Puebla, R. A., Oliveira, O. N., and Aroca, R. F. (2005). Controlling the size and shape of gold nanoparticles in fulvic acid colloidal solutions and their optical characterization using SERS. J. Mater. Chem. 15(29), 3045-3049. 

Jambu, R, Dupuis,T., and Garais, M. (1975a). Use of differential thermal-analysis to characterize fulvic acid metal complexes and humic acid metal complexes. 2. Application to natural organometallic complexes. J. Therm. Anal. 8(2), 231-237. 

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