Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Graphene

Graphite is a form of eiemental carbon composed of paraiiei iayers of graphene. 

Buckminsterfullerene (Cgo). All of the carbon atoms are equivalent and are sp -hybridized each one simultaneously belongs to one five-membered ring and two benzene-like six-membered rings. Courtesy of Dimitry Kazachkin, Temple University. 

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We have seen that carbon exists in several allotropic crystalline forms graphite, diamond, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene are discussed in Chapter 12 here we focus on graphite and diamond. 

The focus of this series continues to be on topics that Phil Walker so aptly defined in his preface to Volume 1 half a century ago, and that strive to avoid the delusion of novelty rooted in insufficient appreciation of the similarities and differences between old and new carbon materials As the dust settles, our current readers, as well as posterity, can be confident that this series provides a balanced account of the most important issues—including (re )discoveries and (re )inven-tions—in the chemistry and physics of carbon. Below I summarize the contents of the previous 30 volumes to illustrate the depth and breadth of the relevant processes, products, and techniques in upcoming volumes we small strive to assess how these and other processes and characterization techniques reveal the ways in which fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene are (or are not) old but new carbon materials. 

The Structure of Benzene 407 The Stability of Benzene 409 Bonding in Benzene 410 Substituted Derivatives of Benzene and Their Nomenclature 412 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 414 Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Graphene 416-417 Physical Properties of Arenes 416... 

The stacking of graphene layers in graphite (see Figure 11.6 in the boxed essay Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Graphene) is an example of such packing on a grand scale. 

Boxed essays- Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Graphene updates the ever-expanding role of elemental carbon in its many forms in Chapter 11. Sustainability and Organic Chemistry is a new boxed essay in Chapter 15 that uses real-world examples to illustrate principles of green chemistry. 

Nanocarbon structures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, are characterized by their weak interphase interaction with host matrices (polymer, ceramic, metals) when fabricating composites [99,100]. In addition to their characteristic high surface area and high chemical inertness, this fact turns these carbon nanostructures into materials that are very difficult to disperse in a given matrix. However, uniform dispersion and improved nanotube/matrix interactions are necessary to increase the mechanical, physical and chemical properties as well as biocompatibility of the composites [101,102]. 

Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphene for Molecular Electronics... 

The purpose of this review is to present recent developments on the utilization of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene in molecular electronics. 

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