Full optical cross-section

In view of Equation 37, r is referred to as a full optical cross-section (in the atmosphere optics literature), and Rayleigh s ratio differential optical cross-section... 

The relative success of the binary encounter and Bethe theories, and the relatively well established systematic trends observed in the measured differential cross sections for ionization by fast protons, has stimulated the development of models that can extend the range of data for use in various applications. It is clear that the low-energy portion of the secondary electron spectra are related to the optical oscillator strength and that the ejection of fast electrons can be predicted reasonable well by the binary encounter theory. The question is how to merge these two concepts to predict the full spectrum. 

Fig. 8.13. Differential cross section for electron—magnesium scattering at Eq = 40 eV. Open circles, Williams and Trajmar (1978) closed circles, Brunger et al. (1988) full curves, coupled channels optical (Zhou, 1992).

McCarthy, 1992). Circles 3s, McClelland, Kelley and Celotta (1989) circles 3p, Kelley et al. (1992). Differential cross sections (multiplied by asymmetries) are squares, Srivastava and Vuskovic (1980) diamonds, Lorentz and Miller (1991). Full curves, coupled channels optical long-dashed curves, 15-state coupled channels short-dashed curves, distorted-wave second Born (Madison et al., 1992). 

Fig. 10.14. Total ionisation cross section for hydrogen. Experimental data, Shah et al. (1987) full curve, convergent close coupling (Bray and Stelbovics, 1992fc) plus signs, coupled channels optical (Bray et al., 1991c), crosses, pseudostate method (Callaway and Oza, 1979) long-dashed curve, intermediate-energy R-matrix (Scholz et al., 1990) short-dashed curve, distorted-wave Born approximation.

Fig. 10.15. Total ionisation cross section for helium. Experimental data, de Heer and Jansen (1977) full curve, coupled channels optical (equivalent local) (McCarthy and Stelbovics, 1983a) broken curve, distorted-wave Bom approximation.

Figure 9.21 shows a simplified cross section of a transflective LCD. It consists of two ITO covered glass plates, with the LC molecules in between, that act as the optical valve. In order to distinguish between the on- and off-state, two polarisers are required. A full colour display is created by addition of a colour filter. The reflective mode is enabled by a mirror on top of the bottom... 

Non-contact optical technologies can be used to obtain the full rail profile at speeds up to 350 km/h. Rail profile measurement systems (RPMS) can use high level laser and video technology to provide accurate and instantaneous report on the rail profile condition. The video cameras capture full cross-sectional rail profiles from the base to the top of the rail surface to allow useable and accurate measurements. Such a system can measure the following parameters rail profile vertical and horizontal wear, rail inchnation and head width. By comparison with a reference profile, parameters out of tolerance can be identified immediately. 

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