Fuel partial oxidation, hydrogen from

The Texaco process was first utilized for the production of ammonia synthesis gas from natural gas and oxygen. It was later (1957) appHed to the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oils. This appHcation has had the widest use because it has made possible the production of ammonia and methanol synthesis gases, as well as pure hydrogen, at locations where the lighter hydrocarbons have been unavailable or expensive such as in Maine, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Norway, and Japan. 

In practice, this ratio is even lower than what is shown hy the stoichiometric equation because part of the methane is oxidized to carhon dioxide and water. When resids are partially oxidized hy oxygen and steam at 1400-1450°C and 55-60 atmospheres, the gas consists of equal parts of hydrogen and carhon monoxide. Table 4-2 compares products from steam reforming natural gas with products from partial oxidation of heavy fuel oil. 

Fluidised catalysts are also used in the synthesis of high-grade fuels from mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained either by coal carbonisation or by partial oxidation of methane. An important application in the chemical industry is the oxidation of naphthalene to phthalic anhydride, as discussed by Riley(131). The kinetics of this reaction are much slower than those of catalytic cracking, and considerable difficulties have been experienced in correctly designing the system. 

Hydrogen production from fossil fuels is based on steam reforming of natural gas, thermal cracking of natmal gas, partial oxidation of heavier than naphtha... 

Hydrogen production from carbonaceous feedstocks requires multiple catalytic reaction steps For the production of high-purity hydrogen, the reforming of fuels is followed by two water-gas shift reaction steps, a final carbon monoxide purification and carbon dioxide removal. Steam reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming of methane are well-developed processes for the production of hydro-... 

There are two major technology options for produdng hydrogen-ridi fuel cell feeds from DME steam reforming and partial oxidation. Another option could be ATR, but only a few studies are available [238]. 

For fuel cells operating at low (<100°C) and intermediate temperatures (up to 200°C), Fl2 and H2/ C02 (with minimal amounts of CO) are the ideal fuels the F12/C02 gas mixture is produced by steam-reforming/water-gas shift conversion, or partial oxidation/shift conversion of the primary or secondary organic fuels. Flydrogen is a secondary fuel and, like electricity, is an energy carrier. On a large scale, hydrogen is produced from the primary sources—natural gas, coal, or oil. For... 

Figure 10. A comparison of hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratios for different processes for producing hydrogen from fossil fuels (POX = partial oxidation ATR = autothermal reforming CR = conventional steam reforming UMR = unmixed reforming).

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