Froth formation models

Froth Formation Models. The froth recovered from the primary separation vessel is a complex mixture of bitumen, water, inorganic solids,... 

Further refinements to this model of the froth formation process can be made by substituting a representative middlings composition for the interstitial fluid. In addition, the assay of bitumen films surrounding the air bubbles can be modified to account for the presence of hydrophobic solids and emulsified water. 

The froth may be modeled with a jet-bubble formation zone and a bimodal bubble population with the following characteristics ... 

Abstract. Infrared analysis of reacting foams has been used to determine the sequence of chemical reactions that occurs in the foaming process and to relate this sequence of reactions to the stages evident in the formation of foam measured by rate-of-rise techniques. A reaction sequence model has been developed in which at the earliest stage of foaming, out-of-phase carbamic acid and carbamic acid salts, formed by hydrolysis of isocyanate, are the main species present tending to stabilize the froth-like foam. These species are in turn converted into polyureas. In the latter stages of the reaction sequence, urethane formation becomes predominant as the foam develops substantial bulk modulus... 

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