French, David

Propellers for the marine environment appeared first in the eighteenth centui y. The French mathematician and founder of hydrodynamics, Daniel Bernoulli, proposed steam propulsion with screw propellers as early as 1752. However, the first application of the marine propeller was the hand-cranked screw on American inventor David Bushnell s submarine, Turtle in 1776. Also, many experimenters, such as steamboat inventor Robert Fulton, incorporated marine propellers into their designs. 

Meakin, David. Jules Verne s alchemical journey short-circuited. French Studs 45 (1991). 

Dand, E. and David Meakin. A problematic initiation Michel Butor s alchemy revisted. Austral J French Studs, no. 14 (1977). 

David French, British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905-1915 (London Allen and Unwin, 1982) Avner Offer, The First World War An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1989). 

See David French, The British Way in Warfare 1688-2000 (London Unwin Hyman, 1990). 

David French, The military background to the shell crisis of May 1915 , Journal of Strategic Studies, 2 (1979), no. 2, 192-205 Graham R. Winton, The British Army, mechanisation and a new transport system . Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 78 (2000), 197-212. 

David French, The meaning of attrition, 1914—1916% English Historical Review, 103 (1988), 385-405. 

David French, The mechanization of the British cavalry between the world wars . War in History, 10 (2003), 296-320. 

David French, Raising Churchill s Army The British Army and the War against Germany 1919-1945 (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 157. 

Dockrill, Michael and David French (eds.). Strategy and Intelligence British Policy during the First World War, London Hambledon Press, 1996. 

I would like to thank Dr. Myron Evans for his invitation to contribute a chapter to this book on contemporary optics and electrodynamics and Alexandre David Szames, who helped us translate this chapter from French to English. 

Z. Meszaros, G. Horvath, I. Hermccz. L. Vasvari-Debreczy. A. Horvath, A. David, V. Kovacs-Mindler, and M. Csakvari-Pongor, French Demande 2.190.820 [C A 81, 13477 (1974)]. 

Pigman was a recipient of the C. S. Hudson Award in 1959, and received the Medal of the French Biological Society in 1963, and the Medal of the University of Milan in 1964. From 1956 to 1960, he presided over the Committee on Social Aspects of Science of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and also served a term as Chairman of the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. His published works number well over three hundred articles. He fondly talked about those whose scientific interests he shared David Aminoff, Don M. Carlson, Zacharias Dische, Alfred Gottschalk, W. Z. Hassid, Roger W. Jeanloz, N. K. Kochetkov, and many others. 

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the European COST organization through the D27 action Prebiotic Chemistry and Early Evolution, to John Sutherland (University of Manchester, UK) and Franck Selsis (Centre de Recherche Astronomique de Lyon, France) for helpful discussions, to Prof. David Clark (University of Southern Illinois, USA) for making us aware of the free energy content of acetyl adenylate reported in [156], to the CNRS and to the French Ministry of Education and Research for financial support. 

Bell, David A. The Public Sphere, the State, and the World of Law in Eighteenth-Century France. French Historical Studies 17, 1992, 912-934. 

Lux, David S. Colbert s Plan for the Grande Academie Royal Policy toward Science, 1663-67. Seventeenth-Century French Studies 12, 1990, 177-188. Maluf, Ramez Bahige. Jean Antoine Nollet and Experimental Natural Philosophy in Eighteenth Century France. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oklahoma, 1985. 

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