Freezing Theory

Still-heads for, 102 thermal insulation for, 93, 95 Vigreux, 91, 217f Widmer, 96, 97, 2l9f Free radicals (aryl), 927, 951 Freezing, theory of, 21 Freezing mixtures, 61. 62 Freezing point, 22... 

Neumann and co-workers have used the term engulfrnent to describe what can happen when a foreign particle is overtaken by an advancing interface such as that between a freezing solid and its melt. This effect arises in floatation processes described in Section Xni-4A. Experiments studying engulfrnent have been useful to test semiempirical theories for interfacial tensions [25-27] and have been used to estimate the surface tension of cells [28] and the interfacial tension between ice and water [29]. 

Riehie U and Hdchii M 1973 The theory and technique of high pressure freezing Freeze-Etching Technique and Appiications ed E L Benedetti and P Favard (Paris Societe Frangaise de Microscopie Eiectronique) pp 31-61... 

Moor H 1987 Theory and practice of high pressure freezing Cryotechniques in Bioiogicai Eiectron Microscopy ed R A Steinbrecht and K Zieroid (Beriin Springer) pp 175-91... 

THEORY OF MELTING AND FREEZING 1,10. Melting point and vapour pressure. The melting point of a... 

Freezing transitions have been examined in recent years by density functional methods [306-313]. Here we review the results [298] of a modification of the Ramakrishnan-Yussouff theory to the model fluid with Hamiltonian (Eq. (25)) a related study of phase transitions in a system of hard discs in two dimensions with Ising internal states which couple anti-ferromagnetically to their neighbors is shown in Ref. 304. First, a combined... 

B. Laird, D. Kroll. Freezing of soft spheres a critical test for weighted density functional techniques. Phys Rev A 42 4810, 1990 D. Kroll, B. Laird. Comparison of weighted density functional theories for inhomogeneous liquids. Phys Rev A 42 4806, 1990. 

A similar method was used in connexion with the lowering of vapour pressure in 130. It is evident that, since the factor i was introduced in the same connexion in both investigations, the values of i obtained by both methods, viz., by measurements of vapour pressure and of freezing-point, are necessarily the same, and their agreement is therefore independent of any theory which we may adopt to explain the anomalous behaviour of aqueous salt solutions. 

The theory of the depression of freezing-point of a solvent by addition of a soluble substance considered in 132 is based on... 

In the development of the theory of freezing-points for very dilute solutions (Chap. XI.) it was assumed that both the change of total volume and the heat absorption on further dilution are zero. With solutions of moderate concentration (say up to 5N), neither assumption is true, but we know that the change of volume is always very small, and possibly negligible, whilst the heat absorption is not usually of such small magnitude. It... 

Van t Hoff s boiling-point equation, 295 freezing-point equation, 299 theory of solution, 287 principle of mobile equilibrium, 304, 340... 

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