Freezing chemical theory

However, useful as it is, ligand field theory is not a predictive first principles theory. Thus, it cannot be used to predict a priori the Mossbauer parameters of a given compound. Yet, the need to do so arises fi equently in Mossbauer spectroscopy. For example, if a reaction intermediate or some other unstable chemical species has been characterized by freeze quench Mossbauer spectroscopy and its SH parameters become available, then the question arises as to the structure of the unstable species. Mossbauer spectroscopy in itself does not provide enough information to answer this question in a deductive way. However, the more modest question which structures are compatible with the observed Mossbauer parameters can be answered if one is able to reliably predict Mossbauer parameters... 

The osmotic pressure of mixtures of solutiom. According to van t Hoif s theory, the osmotic pressure of a solution depends only on the number of the dissolved molecules and not on their nature. Hence the osmotic pressure of a solution containing several substances is equal to the sum of the osmotic pressures due to the substances individually. Thus Dalton s law of partial pressures applies also to solutions. The relative lowering of the vapour pressure, raising of the boiling point, and depression of the freezing point are likewise proportional to the total molal concentration of the solution. Quantities of this kind, which do not depend on the chemical nature, but only on the number of the molecules present, were termed colligative by Ostwald. 

A classical thermodynamic argument based on simple capillary theory determines the freezing temperature as the point at which the chemical potential of the solid core inside... 

The exclusion of water from the environment of a protein may provide resistance to chemical modification of the protein structure during processing and storage. Processes such as freeze-drying and spray drying have been employed to prepare solid-state dosage forms of pharmaceutical proteins with vastly reduced water content. Several theories of protein encapsulation in glassy materials have been proposed based on the three considerations mentioned in Section 6.4.2.3 ... 

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