Freeze-drying scale

Freeze-Drying, Scale-Up Considerations, p. 1834. Polymorphism Pharmaceutical Aspects, p. 2935. Salt Forms Pharmaceutical Aspects, p. 3177. 

Freeze Drying, Scale-Up Considerations / 1834 Gastro-Retentive Systems / 1850 Gelatin-Containing Formulations Changes in Dissolution Characteristics / 1861 Gels and Jellies / 1875... 

Rickettsia can be stored as freeze-dried powders. In this form, they are easy to disperse. However, because they are living organisms and can be killed during the dispersal process there are limitations to the methods that can be used. They can also be stored and dispersed via infected vectors (e.g., lice, ticks). In most cases, large-scale attacks will be clandestine and only detected through epidemiological analysis of resulting disease patterns. Localized or small-scale attacks may take the form of "anthrax" letters. Even in these cases, without the inclusion of a threat the attack may go unnoticed until the disease appears in exposed individuals (e.g., the initial 2001 anthrax attack at American Media Inc., which claimed the life of Robert Stevens). 

The detection limit for a 100 yL sample injection volume at 30 ymhos full scale sensitivity is estimated at 0.5 yg/mL. Concentration of samples by freeze-drying affords better detection limits with minimal loss of formic acid. Acetic and carbonic acids are also analyzable under these conditions. 

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