Framing effect

Malenka DJ, Baron JA, Johansen S, Wahrenberger JW, Ross JM. The framing effect of relative and absolute risk. / Gen Intern Med 1993 8 543-8. 

The NMR information listed in Table IV offers rather striking demonstration of the decisive effect that heteroatom electronegativity has on the development of aromaticity the inner a-proton resonance of the general system depicted in 79 experiences an upheld shift in excess of 8 ppm on passing from atropic 71 to diatropic 81 A particularly interesting observation concerning the importance of frame effects in the... 

Elimination of the transposase functions by the use of the IS50L-B.t. system or the homologous recombination system reduces the possibility of the transposition of the B.t. gene to such a low level that it is non-detectable in the laboratory (<10-12). Additional manipulations such as the frame-shift of the IS50L reading frame effectively eliminate the possibility of a single mutation resulting in a active transposase. 

Framing effect - Coming to a different decision depending on how the same information is presented. 

The effect of a RF pulse can be obtained by transforming the complete Hamiltonian Hz + Hrf from the laboratory to the rotating-frame [4], which is equivalent to expressing the effective Hamiltonian associated with the rotating-frame effective field given in Equation (2.3.6) ... 

Figure 1.3 large frame effective mobility IJ. of DPOP-PPV as a function of temperature for some electrical fields, data points for zero field were extrapolated from field dependent measurements inset Arrhenius fits for different electrical fields. For details see text. Data from [68, 69]. 

As a matter of fact, the vast majority of experimental studies focuses on a relatively well-defined set of parameters. Taking as an example the important case of NMR spectroscopy of organic molecules, the characterization is usually based on measurements of proton and carbon chemical shifts in solution, homonuclear (and possibly heteronuclear) coupling constants, and proton-proton nuclear Overhauser enhancements [or the corresponding rotating-frame effects (ROEs)]. This set of data is certainly reductive if compared with the information content potentially accessible by NMR measurements however, it does represent a reasonable balance of such factors as operator and instrument time, apparatus availabihty, costs, amounts of material required, completeness of information, and ease of interpretation. 

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