Formulating with Fillers

Selection of the proper filler is based on a number of factors. The most important, of course, is the improvements in processing and end properties that it will provide. However, other important considerations when one is selecting a filler include availability, cost, surface chemistry, water adsorption, oil adsorption, density, and other physical or chemical properties of the filler grade itself. 

A filler should be dry, nonreactive with the uncured resin, and of a neutral or only slightly basic pH. Adsorbed water, which is present in some degree in most fillers, inhibits dispersion. Thus, most fillers must be dried before they are added to the adhesive formulation. The drying process will drive off adsorbed moisture and gases from the surface of the filler. The filler should generally be nonreactive with the base resins or curing agents that 

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TABLE 9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fillers in Epoxy Formulations (Depending on Type of Fillers Employed)1 

Advantages Disadvantages Advantage or disadvantage (depending on application) 

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Of course, TPS are formulated with fillers, oils and other additives like other thermoplastics. Generally, SBS is preferred for the manufacture of footwear and other similar parts, and the modification of bitumen and asphalt. 

Of course, TPOs can be formulated with fillers, plasticizers and other additives like other... 

After shaping, the articles are most often subjected to a step to remove the processing oil or solvent from the gel. An extraction, washing, or leaching step is introduced in order to remove the processing oil and the lubricant (36). In formulations with filler, the extruded sheets are preferably subjected to an extraction step to remove processing oil. 

It is also possible to act over the heat generation factor. This can be decreased by diluting the formulation with fillers or fibers. But this depends... 

The system can be formulated with fillers, pigments and auxiliaries. They cure with aminic hardeners at room temperature according to the two-pack process. Specific construction applications with the above development are as follows ... 

Curing is usually carried out in a formulation with fillers, plasticizers and curing-rate modifers hke stearic d [17],... 

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