Formulae binary species

IR-4.2.3 Structural formulae and the use of enclosing marks in formulae IR-4.2.4 Formulae of (formal) addition compounds IR-4.2.5 Solid state structural information IR-4.3 Indication of ionic charge IR-4.4 Sequence of citation of symbols in formulae IR-4.4.1 Introduction IR-4.4.2 Ordering principles IR-4.4.2.1 Electronegativity IR-4.4.2.2 Alphanumerical order IR-4.4.3 Formulae for specific classes of compounds IR-4.4.3.1 Binary species... 

An antisite defect is an atom on an inappropriate site in a crystal, that is, a site normally occupied by a different chemical species. In a compound of formula AB the antisite defects that can occur are an A atom on a site normally occupied by a B atom, or a B atom on a site normally occupied by an A atom. Antisite defects are not very important in binary ionic compounds, as the misplacement of an ion is energetically costly, and so unfavorable. In ternary ionic compounds, however, such as spinels, AB204, the transfer of A ions to B sites and vice versa, is not... 

Resolution (or resolving power) plays an important role in mass spectrometry for applications requiring the characterization of very similar chemical species. The ability to detect and accurately measure the m/z ratio of a particular ion depends directly on the resolving power of the mass analyzer. For example, if a sample contains two isobaric compounds (i.e., having the same nominal molecular mass but different elemental formulae) the difference in the exact masses of the molecular ions will be much less than 1 m/z unit. Any mass analyzer possessing a nominal resolving power (e.g., RP< 1000) will register only one peak in the mass spectrum of such a binary mixture. Attempts to measure the... 

The chemical potential pB of species B in binary solution is found by the standard thermodynamic formula... 

To use this formula, the assumption has been made that the fuel consists of a binary mixture of hydrogen and water, while the cathodic gas is a binary mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. The diffusion coefficient for binary mixtures D y eff is estimated by the equation proposed by Hirschfelder, Bird and Spotz [12], and the Knudsen diffusion coefficient for species i is given by free molecule flow theory [11], Finally, combining Equations (6.15-6.18) the anodic and the cathodic concentration overvoltages are given by (see also Equations (A3.20) and (A3.21)) ... 

The methods for obtaining expressions for the chemical potential of a component that is a weak electrolyte in solution are the same as those used for strong electrolutes. For illustration we choose a binary system whose components are a weak electrolyte represented by the formula M2A and the solvent. We assume that the species are M +, MA , A2-, and M2A. We further assume that the species are in equilibrium with each other according to... 

The chemical reaction for mineral dissolution in Eq. 3.1 (the forward reaction) represents the stoichiometric decomposition of a binary solid compound into aqueous ionic species. It is an overall reaction based on a chemical formula for the solid phase and the hypothesis that free ionic species in aqueous solution will be created in proportion to their stoichiometry in the solid for at least some time... 

Vibrational data for various isoelectronic binary fluorides with the formula XF4 are listed in Table VII. For the first series in the upper left of this table, the force constant increases in going from BF4 to CF4 and then decreases slightly for NF4+. It would appear that the next series beginning with A1F4 would follow a similar trend except that data for PF4+ are unavailable. The fluorides of these two series all have Td symmetry. Very little can be said with regard to the three series in the lower right section of Table VII since the data are largely incomplete. The symmetry, however, for the various species in these series is C2v-... 

The Pitzer model can be used to obtain activity coefficients for solutes in low (<0.1 mol L ), intermediate (0.1-3.5 mol L ) and high (>3.5 mol L ) ionic strength solutions. The Pitzer equations include terms for binary and ternary interactions between solute species as well as a modified DH expression. The general formula is... 

If the solute is an electrolyte, Eq. 12.4.2 can be derived by the same procedure as described in Sec. 9.4.6 for an ideal-dilute binary solution of a nonelectrolyte. We must calculate xa from the amounts of all species present at infinite dilution. In the limit of infinite dilution, any electrolyte solute is completely dissociated to its constituent ions ion pairs and weak electrolytes are completely dissociated in this limit. Thus, for a binary solution of electrolyte B with v ions per formula unit, we should calculate xa from... 

The rules for naming binary molecular compounds are sometimes confused with those for naming polyatomic oxyan-ions. The critical difference in the formulas of the two species is that ions have charges and molecules do not. NO2 is uncharged, and therefore it is a binary molecular compound. Its name is nitrogen dioxide. NO2 has a charge therefore it is an oxyanion. Its name is nitrite ion. 

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