Formation, thermodynamic

Anhydrides and esters may differ in two ways. One may undergo nucleophilic addition more rapidly (kinetics), but the other may create a more favorable equilibrium constant for ester formation (thermodynamics). 

Formation, thermodynamic functions (continued) enthalpy (continued)... 

According to Colinet and Pasturel (1994), Borzone el al. (1999) and Ferro et al. (200 lb) a short summary of the formation thermodynamics of binary compounds of the rare earth metals may be given by the following indicative values (Afi//kJ/molat),... 

The formation of dihydroxo-bridged species may be considered to take place via stepwise formation of a monohydroxo-bridged species with subsequent intramolecular bridge formation. Thermodynamic... 

Note that regular methanol (or monoethylene glycol) injection is used only with gas-dominated systems. In oil-dominated systems the higher liquid heat capacity allows the system to retain reservoir heat, so that insulation maintains sufficient temperatures to prevent hydrate formation. Thermodynamic inhibitor is normally only injected for planned shutdowns in oil-dominated systems. 

Avoidance of the hydrate formation thermodynamic conditions of temperature, pressure, or inhibitor concentration, makes it impossible for plugs to form. The calculations of thermodynamic conditions can be made with acceptable accuracy. Using the methods presented in Chapters 4 and 5 along with the CD program CSMGem provided with this book, the temperature, pressure, and inhibitor concentrations can be calculated respectively, to within 2°F, 10% in pressure and 3% of inhibitor concentration. Since the discovery of hydrate flowline plugs in 1934, such thermodynamic methods have served to provide the major method of flow assurance. 

Experimental data on the formation, thermodynamic and kinetic decay parameters, and the multiplicity of exciplexes and excimers involving tetrapyrrole complexes are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Based on these data and on information on the spectral properties and chemical behavior, some conclusions... 

Table 1. Formation, thermodynamic and kinetic decay parameters (stability constant K, energy and entropy values, decay rate constant k, lifetime x, quantum yield < >) of exciplexes (A — Q) involving tetrapyrrole complexes A (energy values expressed in kJmol 1 entropy in Jmol"1 K-1 k and x in s 1 and s, respectively)... 

Analysis of mechanisms of the defect formation, thermodynamics, interaction, association and - diffusion in solid materials, validated by deep experimental studies centered on numerous particular cases, including - solid electrolytes such as -> stabilized zirconia (see also - defects in solids, -> vacancies, -> electrolytic domain, -> electronic defects, -> doping). 

Thermodynamic compatibility of the partners of a complex is another condition which must be accounted for in complex formation. Thermodynamically incompatible components separate into two phases. Tolstoguzov et a/.984 studied complexes of starch with gelatin in aqueous solutions and showed that complexation requires adjustment of the solution acidity and... 

A. Breccia, New chemistry by microwave hot spots, formation, thermodynamics behaviour, electron spin realignments. Proceedings from the International Conference on Microwave Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic, 1998. 

The Hydrogen Bond Formation, Thermodynamic Properties, Classification... 

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