Formation pressure, temperature, lithium

SnO has received much attention as a potential anode material for the lithium-ion-secondary-battery. The conventional techniques require temperatures above 150°C to form phase pure SnO. Whereas, sonication assisted precipitation technique has been used to prepare phase-pure SnO nanoparticles at room temperature by Majumdar et al. [25]. In this study, ultrasonic power has been found to play a key role in the formation of phase pure SnO as with a reduction in the ultrasonic power authors have observed a mixed phase. For the case of high ultrasonic power, authors have proposed that, intense cavitation and hence intense collapse pressure must have prevented the conversion of SnO to Sn02-... 

Reduction of cycloalkane-condensed 2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4//-l,3-benzoxazines 144 with lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) afforded A -benzyl-substituted 2-(aminomethyl)cycloalkanols 145 in a reductive ring opening via the ring-chain tautomeric tetrahydro-l,3-oxazine intermediates. Catalytic reduction of 1,3-oxazines 144 under mild conditions in the presence of palladium-on-carbon catalyst similarly resulted in formation of the A -benzyl-1,3-amino alcohols 145. When the catalytic reduction was performed at elevated temperature at hydrogen pressure of 7.1 MPa, the N-unsubstituted 2-(aminomethyl)cycloalkanols 146 were formed in good yields (Scheme 22) <1998SC2303>. 

The reaction proceeds smoothly at 80-100°C in the presence of 30% (of the ketoxime mass) KOH in DMSO in an autoclave under an initial acetylene pressure of 8-16 atm. The highest pressure developed when the reaction mixture reached a prescribed temperature, is 20-25 atm. Then fast absorption of acetylene starts and the pressure reduces rapidly. For preparing /V-vinylpyrroles at least a twofold excess of acetylene is employed. If the corresponding N//-pyrrole is to be obtained the synthesis is performed with the calculated or a deficient amount of acetylene. Here again, lithium hydroxide is a selective catalyst for pyrrole ring formation. When LiOH is used, no precise batching of acetylene is required. 

Lithium carbide is a white or grey crystalline substance, its density at 18° C. being 1-65. At bright red heat it is decomposed, and Tucker and Moody found that at 925° C. and a pressure of fifty pounds to the square inch it absorbs nitrogen freely with formation of cyanamide, dicyanamide, and cyanide. It is a powerful reducer, decomposing water energetically at ordinary temperatures with formation of acetylene ... 

Iron vanadate, FeV04, is a prospective material for lithium rechargeable batteries and in catalysis. In [90] mechanical coactivation of iron and vanadium oxides was used to prepare intimate nanoscale mixture, similar to those prepared by soft chemistry. Reduction of this mixture at the same temperature and oxygen partial pressure conditions as of soft chemistry products (500°C and 10 Pa) leads to formation of a nanometric vanadium ferrite with the only spinel phase. The characterization of the powders thus prepared was perfomed by X-ray diffraction, SEM, IR spectrometry, thermogravimetry and colourimetry. It was shown that the homogeneity of grain size and chemical composition is achieved if the initial oxides have similar grain size. 

Catalytic reduction of pyridinium salts to piperidines is particularly easy in ethanol at room temperature and pressure they are also susceptible to hydride addition by complex metal hydrides or formate, and lithium/ammonia reduction. In the reduction with sodium borohydride in protic media, the main product is a tetrahydro derivative with the double bond at the allylic, 3,4-position, formed by initial hydride addi-... 

---