Formation of charge carriers

The primary steps in photoelectrochemical mechanism are as follows (1) formation of charge carriers by a photon (2) charge-carrier recombination to liberate heat (3) initiation of an oxidative pathway by a valence-band hole (4) initiation of a reductive pathway by a conduction-band electron (5) further... 

The basis of Butler s reasoning can be seen in the following equation, which refers to the rate of formation of charge carriers (electron, holes) at a distance x from the electrode/solution interface ... 

If we look carefully at the resonance forms of conjugated molecules we can also explain the formation of charge carriers on organic semiconductors. If we... 

Polyaniline films prepared potentiostatically in sulfuric acid solution are investigated by FT-IR, UV-Vis optical spectroscopies at various dopant concentrations. Formation of charge carriers in the films are studied Ity means of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. These results will in turn be correlated on the basis of conductivity measurement. The formations of polarons and bipolarons at different doping levels are also discussed. 

PBD may exhibit short operating lifetimes due to recrystallization or aggregate formation. This leads to phase separation and formation of charge carrier traps that inhibit the desired emission. Therefore, it has been proposed to bond the PBD electron transporting structure to a polymer chain, which results in amorphous materials. Eor example, poly(methyl... 

II. BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS A. Formation of Charge Carriers... 

Ingram DB, Linic S, (2011) Wato splitting on composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductOT photoelectrodes evidence for selective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers near the semiconductor Surface. J Am Chem Soc 133 5202... 

One of the fundamental interactions between high-energy radiation and matter is the process of ionization. Ionization leads to the formation of charge carriers and to an increase in the electrical conductivity of the material. The spatial distribution of the ionization events is strongly dependent on the quality of radiation. We may distinguish the types of radiation by the way the ionization process is accomplished ... 

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