Charge carriers, formation

As suggested in Fig. 4.3 the charge carrier formation in step (a) may be compared to a dissociation leading to the following equilibrium... 

It is important to realize that these oligomers have similarly low vapor pressures as ionic liquids. To illustrate the effect of extrinsic charge carrier formation, the evolution of proton conductivity with triflic acid doping is shown for the oligomeric system Imi-2 in Figure For such systems, the mobility of... 

Ohkita H, Cook S, Astuti Y, Duffy W, Tierney S, Zhang W, Heeney M, McCulloch I, Nelson J, Bradley DDC, Durrant JR (2008) Charge carrier formation in polythiophene/fullerene blend films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 130 3030... 

Fig. 30. Quantum yield of the charge carrier formation versus the light wavelength for polyimide [235]...

Figure 2 translates the charge carrier formation reaction into an energy level diagram for various systems. In fact these levels refer to standard chemical potentials or (in the case of the Fermi-levels ) to full chemical potentials (see e.g. Refs.3,35). As long as —in pure materials— the gap remains large compared to RT, the Boltzmann-form of the chemical potential of the respective charge carrier (defect) is valid,... 

In an attempt to combine the description of the charge-carrier formation within the language of condensed-matter physics and of physical organic chemistry, the exposure of a mono-charged 7t-chain to additional doping... 

Figure 13.4 Charge generation in PCBMipolyhtiophene solar cells. Charge-transfer state generation, separation, and recombination rates for P3HT PCBM are shown. (Reprinted with permission from Journal of the American Chemical Society, Charge Carrier Formation in Polythiophene/ Fullerene Blend Films Studied by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy by H. Ohkita, S. Cook, Y. Astuti etal., 130, 10,3030-3042. Copyright (2008) American Chemical Society)...

H. Ohkita, S. Cook, Y. Astuti, W. Duffy, S. Tierney, W. Zhang, M. Heeney, I. McCulloch, J. Nelson, D.D.C. Bradley, and J.R. Durrant, Charge carrier formation in polythiophene/ fullerene blend films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 3030-3042 (2008). 

S. Nespurek, V. Cimrova, J. Pfleger, and 1. Kminek. Tree charge carrier formation in polymers under illumination. Polym. Adv. Tech., 7(5-6) 459-470, 1996. 

Fig. 2.11 Doping of an inert polymer, bisphenol A polycarbonate, with triphenylamine (TPA). The quantum yield of charge carrier formation as a function of the TPA content. 2exc=300 nm. Adapted from Borsenberger et al. [52] with permission from the American Institute of Physics.

Ohkita, H., Cook, S., Astuti, Y., Duffy, W Tierney, S Zhang, W Heeney, M., McCulloch, L., Nelson, J., Bradley, D.D.C., and Durrant, J.R. (2008) Charge carrier formation in polythiophene/flillerene blend films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy./. Am. Chem. 

Once the mechanisms of charge carrier formation are understood, the next important information is the geometry of the charge movement. Successful visualization of lithium diffusion path in olivine Li FeP04 will be demonstrated together with its methodology by combination of neutron diffraction and maximum entropy method. This is a first experimental visualization of ion motion in any battery electrode. 

Figure 9.13 Total absorption coefficient of single crystalline DCH (a carbazole-substituted polydiacetylene) obtained by Kramers-Kronig analysis of 8 K reflection data. The broken portion reflects transitions of the carbazole chromophore. is the profile of the transition leading to charge carrier formation, cn, refers to the exciton transition. The broken portion of the Ot curve reflects sensitized carrier generation via side-group excitation. Eg is the band gap inferred from electroabsorption work (see Reference 4). (From Bassler, H., in Polydiacetylenes, Bloor, D. and Chance, R. R., Eds., M. Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1985, 135. With permission.)...

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