Formation from caustic solutions

In this chapter, in an attempt to devise methods for helping to foresee such unfavorable consequences, we construct models of the chemical interactions between injected fluids and the sediments and formation waters in petroleum reservoirs. We consider two cases the effects of using seawater as a waterflood, taking oil fields of the North Sea as an example, and the potential consequences of using alkali flooding (i.e., the injection of a strong caustic solution) in order to increase oil production from a clastic reservoir. 

The salt process employs scrubbing of the gas with cuprous ammonium salt solution. Carbon monoxide forms a complex with the solution at high pressure and low temperature in the absorption column. The absorbed pure carbon monoxide is released from the solution at low pressure and high temperature in the regenerator/stripper section. Any carbon monoxide that is liberated in the stripper section is removed by subsequently washing the gas with caustic. Sulfur has to be removed in the pretreatment stage to prevent the formation of solid sulfide. 

The perspective taken in this work, based on research results from the literature, has been that molecular sieve zeolite crystals are formed from the species dissolved in the caustic solution mediiun, and that formation of zeolites by solid-solid transformations does not occur. As such, classical treatments of... 

The synthesis of most molecular sieve zeolites is carried out in batch systems, in which a caustic aluminate solution and a caustic silicate solution are mixed together, and the temperature held at some level above ambient (60-180°C) at autogenous pressures for some period of time (hours-days). It is quite common for the original mixture to become somewhat viscous shortly after mixing, due to the formation of an amorphous phase, i. e., an amorphous alumino-sdicate gel suspended in the basic medium. The viscous amorphous gel phase normally becomes less viscous as the temperature is raised, but this is not universally true, as in the case of some NH40H-based systems which remain viscous throughout the synthesis. The amorphous gel can be filtered from the solution and dehydrated by conventional drying methods. 

The external electrolyte used in re-alkahzation is a sodium carbonate solution, with a caustic pH. In addition to the generation of hydroxyl (OH ) ions at the cathode and their migration away from the rebar under the electric field, other mechanisms can accoimt for the formation of alkahne solution in the concrete. First, simple diffusion effects may arise as a result of concentration gradients in the concrete. Furthermore,... 

Ttinitroparaffins can be prepared from 1,1-dinitroparaffins by electrolytic nitration, ie, electrolysis in aqueous caustic sodium nitrate solution (57). Secondary nitroparaffins dimerize on electrolytic oxidation (58) for example, 2-nitropropane yields 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane, as well as some 2,2-dinitropropane. Addition of sodium nitrate to the anolyte favors formation of the former. The oxidation of salts of i7k-2-nitropropane with either cationic or anionic oxidants generally gives both 2,2-dinitropropane and acetone (59) with ammonium peroxysulfate, for example, these products are formed in 53 and 14% yields, respectively. Ozone oxidation of nitroso groups gives nitro compounds 2-nitroso-2-nitropropane [5275-46-7] (propylpseudonitrole), for example, yields 2,2-dinitropropane (60). 

Increasing the liquid level in the reactor at step one gives a longer residence time and this probably increases the precursor concentration of chlorite. The same reason is assumed for increasing the hypochlorite concentration which leads to higher concentrations of by-products in the hypochlorite solution. Formation of hypochlorous acid, for example, results from depletion of caustic [2]. 

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