Forces electron-exchange

The interactions between electrons are inherently many-body forces. There are several methods in common use today which try to incorporate some, or all, of the many-body quantum mechanical effects. An important term is that of electronic exchange [57, 58]. Mathematically, when two particles in the many-body wavefunction are exchanged the wavefunction changes sign ... 

While there is a long history of using parameterized force fields to study minerals (5), molecular modeling of reactive processes, involving coupled ligand, proton, and electron-exchange reactions... 

It is clear that intermolecular force and induced dipole function arise from the same physical mechanisms, electron exchange and dispersion. Since at the time neither intermolecular potentials nor the overlap-induced dipole moments were known very dependably, direct tests of the assumptions of a proportionality of force and dipole moment were not possible. However, since the assumption was both plausible and successful, it was widely accepted, even after it was made clear that for an explanation of... 

Molecules interact with each other at a distance via Coulomb forces determined by the shape and polarizibility of the electronic density surrounding each them. In general, we work in the limit that a given pair of molecules are far enough apart that electron exchange and correlation contributions can be safely ignored. Thus, the interaction can be written as... 

The gas adsorption process is normally considered a physical process, named physical adsorption, since the molecular forces involved in this process are usually of the van der Waals type [2-10], Physical adsorption of gases in solid surfaces takes place in the case where during the adsorption process a reaction with exchange of electrons between the solid surface and the gas molecules with the formation of chemical bonds is not necessary [1,2], In a situation where during the adsorption process, a reaction by means of electron exchange between the solid surface and the gas molecules takes place, then the phenomenon is named chemical adsorption [1,2],... 

Charge-transfer interactions are attractive forces caused by charge-transfer between an electron donor (with low ionic potential) and an electron acceptor (with high electron affinity)23). Therefore, the potential energy is expressed as shown in Table 1, where ID, Aa, and C denote the ionic potential of the electron donor, the electron affinity of the electron acceptor, the electron exchange energy, and a constant, respectively. 

When two molecules come so close to each other that both electron clouds can overlap, electron exchange takes place. This gives rise to repulsive forces between molecules. 

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