For the planets

Gr. phosphoros, light bearing ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise) Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669 by preparing it from urine. 

Many scientists thought that Earth must have formed as long as 3.3 billion years ago, but their evidence was confusing and inconsistent. They knew that some of the lead on Earth was primordial, i.e., it dated from the time the planet formed. But they also understood that some lead had formed later from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. Different isotopes of uranium decay at different rates into two distinctive forms or isotopes of lead lead-206 and lead-207. In addition, radioactive thorium decays into lead-208. Thus, far from being static, the isotopic composition of lead on Earth was dynamic and constantly changing, and the various proportions of lead isotopes over hundreds of millions of years in different regions of the planet were keys to dating Earth s past. A comparison of the ratio of various lead isotopes in Earth s crust today with the ratio of lead isotopes in meteorites formed at the same time as the solar system would establish Earth s age. Early twentieth century physicists had worked out the equation for the planet s age, but they could not solve it because they did not know the isotopic composition of Earth s primordial lead. Once that number was measured, it could be inserted into the equation and blip, as Patterson put it, out would come the age of the Earth. ... 

Temperature plays an important role in the modelling of chemical pathways in the interstellar medium and must be modelled correctly for the comet. The energy balance is similar to that for all bodies orbiting a star and we will return to the ideas for the planets later. The energy balance considerations for an orbiting body are ... 

Phosphorus - the atomic number is 15 and the chemical symbol is P. The name derives from the Greek phosphoros for bringing light , since white phosphorus oxidizes spontaneously in air and glows in the dark. This was also the ancient name for the planet Venus, when it appears before sunrise. It was discovered by the German merchant Hennig Brand in 1669. 

French chemist Eugene-Melchior Peligot Dense radioactive metal named for the planet Uranus first used in nuclear fission in the 1930s it isotopes fundamental to the operation of nuclear breeder reactors. 

The head of a third author, struck by the same blow with which his pretended comet struck the sun, has permitted his ideals to take routes as irregular as those which he fixes for the planets, formed, according to him, of parts separated by shock of the igneous body" of the star which presides over the day. 

Science technology, space exploration, the concept of absolute zero, acid rain, and other environmental issues. For example, you could discuss global warming in terms of man s disregard for the planet, or in terms of a positive worldwide response that is bringing together many nations. 

Early in 1600, Kepler joined the astronomer Tycho Brahe at his observatory in Prague. Soon thereafter Kepler became consumed with the problem of establishing an orbit for the planet Mars. For this effort, Kepler had excellent data accurate observations of Mars s position at various times over a period of years. These observations, made by Tycho Brahe, were the most accurate posi-... 

Developing a model for the composition of the Earth and its major reservoirs can be established in a four-step process. The first involves estimating the composition of the silicate Earth (or primitive mantle, which includes the crust plus mantle after core formation). The second step involves defining a volatility curve for the planet, based on the abundances of the moderately volatile and highly volatile lithophile elements in the silicate Earth, assuming that none have been sequestered into the core (i.e., they are truly lithophile). The third step entails calculating a bulk Earth composition using the planetary volatility curve established in step two, chemical data for chondrites, and... 

In 1940, a pair of physicists at the University of California, Berkeley, were studying this problem. Edwin M. McMillan (1907—1991) and Philip H. Abelson (1913—2004) reported finding evidence of element number 93. They suggested naming it neptunium, in honor of the planet Neptune. (Uranium, the element before neptunium, had been named for the planet Uranus.)... 

With the global population set to rise by 50 percent and global energy demand expected to double or even triple by 2050, there is a real sense of urgency and alarm at the prospects for the planet and its future generations. Shell recognized more clearly than before the implications of this to the future success of the Group. It also saw its wider responsibilities to the societies it serves. There was a clear imperative to respond. 

Although the basic chemical and material building blocks for the planets and their satellites were fairly uniform during the initial formation of the solar nebula from inter-stellar cloud materials, chemical differentiation, and segregation occurred over time during accretion of the planets, and their moons such that the volatile chemical components of the solar nebula ended up as present day near-surface ice on Earth, and ice plus solid CO2 on Mars, and as ice and other molecular solids and fluids (such as hydrocarbons and ammonia) on most of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, and as water ices and increasingly volatile species such as nitrogen in the outermost solar system. 

The Mercury symbol is the same symbol for the planet Mercury, but we are not talking about the same thing. These are the substances found in the three kingdoms of vegetable, animal and mineral but they are not the same in each kingdom, for they each work on a different vibratory level. 

Kaplan and later researchers also found that the abundance of water in the Martian atmosphere is a function both of location on the planet and season. The highest concentrations of water vapor measured for the planet s atmosphere are just less than 500 pm ppt H20 during the planet s winter and less than 10 pm ppt HzO during its summer. Water concentrations tend to he highest over the polar caps and lowest at the planet s equator, where it may reach such low values as to be unmeasurable. 

Now take a blank horoscope wheel like the one on the Cheat Sheet and assign Scorpio to the first house, Sagittarius to the second, and so on, as shown in Figure 3-2. Write the symbols for the planets (or their names) in the correct houses. If you re a beginner, you may want to do this in plain English, a process that yields a chart that looks something like Figure 3-3. 

Are there differences between these methods There are, though in Nicole s case, the differences aren t dramatic. The main difference is that an exact chart provides specific degrees for the planets, the Ascendant, and the house cusps. That information is crucial, especially for timing predictions. Nonetheless, an estimated chart is still stuffed with information about your personality, your talents, your weaknesses, your desires, your love life, your career, and even your future. It s not perfect. But it s thought-provoking and absorbing, and a good place to start. 

The symbol of Uranus (see Figure 10-1) looks like an old-fashioned TV antenna — an apt image for the planet associated with electricity, technology, and the future. The symbol also incorporates a letter H, a reminder of William Herschel, who discovered the planet in 1781. 

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