For liquefied gases

Harris (1987) provides an excellent set of guidelines for the design of storage facilities for liquefied gases to minimize the potential for vapor clouds ... 

For liquefaction of any gas it is necessary to cool it below its critical temperature and then apply high pressure. Following are the methods used for producing cold and for liquefying gases. 

Walden found Mendel flf s formula approximately valid for normal liquids between 50° and 125°. Since the density of the vapour is negligible in this interval, the formula is in agreement with Mathias s law of rectilinear diameter < 5.VII B) since the density at 0° is approximately three times the critical density, this is a consequence of the law of corresponding states ( 16.VIIC). For liquefied gases, Walden reduced the density to that at absolute 2 ro, which according to Guldljerg ( lO.VII B) is four times the critical density ... 

Latent heats of evaporation may be calculated by the Clapeyron-Clausius equation ( 7.VIII L) and there is good agreement wi the experimental values. For liquefied gases, for example, the values of 4 are ... 

German Fed. Ministry of the Interior, Bonn (1974) (nuclear power plants) for liquefied gases... 

The same general criteria used in the establishment of storage areas for compressed gases (dry, well-ventilated, fire-resistant areas that are free of heat and ignition sources) should be considered in selecting a storage area for liquefied gases. Oxidizers and combustibles... 

Figure 10. Insulated Container for Liquefied Gases and the Like (39)...

D. H. Tantum and F, Farrar, "A Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases," Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 4, K. D. Timmerhaus, (ed.), Plenum Press, New York (1960). 

Mechanical Properties of Insulating Plastic Foams at Low Temperatures (4) 132 The Performance of Glass Fiber Insulation under High Vacuum (4) 141 A Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases (4) 326 Economic and Design Considerations for a 650 Foot High Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line (4) 335... 

A Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases (1) 95 An Investigation of the Liquid Oxygen Gey-sering Phenomena in Missile Supply Lines (2) 125... 

For special structures and accidental conditions, the above limits are extended considerably. For refractory elements a temperature of +300°C is admitted as normal. In the case of a fire in a building, the temperature of elements may exceed +1000 C. In the reservoirs for liquefied gases the temperature of a concrete wall may reach a level as low as -170°C, due to an accident. This is the range of temperature to which cement-based composites may be exposed occasionally, in the form of cyclic actions or in rare situations. 

Single-unit tank cars built to TC/DOT specifications after November 30, 1970, must not exceed 34 500-gal (131 m ) capacity and 263 000 lb (119 000 kg) gross weight on rail. Since the early 1960s, most tank cars for liquefied gases that are shipped in large quantities such as propane and ammonia have nominal water capacities in the range from 30 000 gal (114 m ) to 33 500 gal (127 m ). 

This section covers transfer connections between bulk transport equipment for liquefied gases or cryogenic liquids and termination points such as station storage containers. These connections do not apply to ambient temperature receptacles such as cylinders. 

The term filling density for liquefied gases is defined as the percent ratio of the weight of gas in a container to the weight of water at 60°F (15.6°C) that the container will hold. Maximum allowable filling density for all sulfur dioxide shipping containers is 125 percent [7]. 

Two possible reasons for the reluctance to use orifice meters for liquefied gases are ... 

A VACUUM INSULATED TRANSFER LINE FOR LIQUEFIED GASES... 

In the design of piping systems for liquefied gases there are two areas in which the engineer is handicapped by the lack of adequate information. These are steady-state, two-phase, single-component fluid flow and transient fluid flow of the type which occurs during the cooldown of transfer systems. The objective of the investigation described here is to provide some of the information required for the solution of problems in the first area. 

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